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Table 2 Logistic regression estimates of depressive symptoms and cognitive impairment by childhood, adulthood and current residence

From: Life course rural/urban place of residence, depressive symptoms and cognitive impairment among older adults: findings from the Longitudinal Aging Study in India

Variables

Depressive symptoms

Cognitive impairment

Unadjusted model

uOR (95% CI)

Model 1

aOR (95% CI)

Model 2

aOR (95% CI)

Unadjusted model

uOR (95% CI)

Model 1

aOR (95% CI)

Model 2

aOR (95% CI)

Men

 Childhood residence

  Urban

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

  Rural

1.19 (0.92–1.54)

1.14 (0.88–1.48)

0.94 (0.72–1.22)

3.69*** (2.37–5.75)

2.02** (1.26–3.24)

1.88* (1.16–3.04)

 Adulthood residence

  Urban

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

  Rural

1.25 (0.97–1.60)

1.20 (0.93–1.55)

0.98 (0.76–1.26)

4.08*** (2.66–6.27)

2.13** (1.35–3.36)

2.00** (1.26–3.16)

 Current residence

  Urban

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

  Rural

1.28* (1.02–1.61)

1.24 (0.97–1.57)

0.95 (0.74–1.22)

4.22*** (2.90–6.16)

2.09*** (1.40–3.12)

1.93** (1.27–2.91)

Women

 Childhood residence

  Urban

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

  Rural

2.06*** (1.49–2.85)

1.68** (1.20–2.35)

1.47* (1.04–2.07)

2.63*** (1.80–3.85)

1.23 (0.84–1.80)

1.25 (0.85–1.85)

 Adulthood residence

  Urban

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

  Rural

1.76*** (1.31–2.36)

1.44* (1.05–1.96)

1.33 (0.97–1.81)

2.52*** (1.81–3.50)

1.29 (0.91–1.82)

1.35 (0.95–1.92)

 Current residence

  Urban

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

  Rural

1.93*** (1.52–2.44)

1.61*** (1.25–2.09)

1.37* (1.05–1.80)

2.95*** (2.28–3.81)

1.58** (1.19–2.09)

1.71*** (1.29–2.27)

  1. uOR unadjusted Odds ratio, aOR adjusted Odds ratio, CI Confidence interval; Model 1 is adjusted for age, education and work status; Model 2 is additionally adjusted for marital status, living arrangement, self-rated health, difficulty in activities of daily living, difficulty in instrumental activities of daily living, monthly per capita consumption expenditure, religion, caste and country regions; Ref. Reference category
  2. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001