Table 3 Impact of the Training Effects at Three Time-points (Group × Time) test

Direct effects

Trail Making Test A

T₀

84.71 ± 14.53

83.59 ± 9.47

30.662

< 0.001

77.285

< 0.001

40.096

< 0.001

T₁

70.22 ± 6.38

80.66 ± 8.52

T₂

62.77 ± 5.79

79.82 ± 8.07

Trail Making Test B

T₀

294.43 ± 62.01

293.86 ± 64.34

13.670

0.001

205.093

< 0.001

198.157

< 0.001

T₁

223.12 ± 60.58

290.72 ± 64.23

T₂

235.39 ± 62.44

303.44 ± 65.00

Stroop-Word

T₀

49.89 ± 6.88

49.83 ± 6.23

11.375

0.002

99.094

< 0.001

156.332

< 0.001

T₁

55.96 ± 5.78

49.77 ± 6.15

T₂

54.96 ± 5.69

48.74 ± 5.61

Stroop-Color

T₀

47.77 ± 3.55

47.60 ± 3.73

43.855

< 0.001

8.428

0.001

35.905

< 0.001

T₁

52.66 ± 4.42

45.79 ± 3.62

T₂

51.13 ± 4.23

45.06 ± 4.57

Stroop-Color Word

T₀

17.17 ± 4.57

16.91 ± 4.70

9.651

0.003

12.094

< 0.001

62.177

< 0.001

T₁

19.43 ± 3.70

16.34 ± 4.81

T₂

19.79 ± 3.50

16.04 ± 3.95

Near transfer effects

Digit Span Forward

T₀

4.33 ± 1.19

4.30 ± 1.23

43.378

< 0.001

60.426

< 0.001

39.267

< 0.001

T₁

6.28 ± 1.17

5.02 ± 0.88

T₂

6.52 ± 1.03

4.13 ± 0.93

Digit Span Backward

T₀

3.50 ± 1.09

3.74 ± 0.91

25.458

< 0.001

27.575

< 0.001

31.782

< 0.001

T₁

5.20 ± 1.17

3.74 ± 0.65

T₂

4.35 ± 1.02

3.50 ± 0.78

Far transfer effects

Reaction Time

T₀

2.05 ± 0.44

2.07 ± 0.43

86.991

< 0.001

12.607

< 0.001

29.115

< 0.001

T₁

1.55 ± 0.36

2.16 ± 0.34

T₂

1.42 ± 0.18

2.30 ± 0.46

Finger Tapping Test

T₀

47.61 ± 3.96

47.83 ± 3.24

31.035

< 0.001

23.426

< 0.001

18.224

< 0.001

T₁

51.63 ± 2.58

48.43 ± 2.71

T₂

52.00 ± 3.06

47.85 ± 2.74