Table 1  A descriptive summary of the 20 include studies

1

Abah S

[59]

2017

Nigeria

Nigeria

300

100

Internalized stigma and quality of life among outpatients’ schizophrenia in kaduna

Social withdrawal (16.7)

Discrimination (14.1%)

Alienation (13.9%)

Stereotype (12.7%)

ISMI

27(16.8,37)

Unemployed (AOR = 2.39,95%CI,1.39,4.10) was associated with stigma

2

Abd El-SD

[60]

2018

Egypt

Tanta

120

100

Relationship between insight, self-stigma, and level of hope among patients with Schizophrenia

Social withdrawal (30.8%)

Discrimination (25.8%)

Alienation (39.2%)

Stereotype (40%)

Stigma Resistance (20.8%)

ISMI

22.5(13,31.7)

3

Abiodun O

[44]

2010

Nigeria

Lagos

342

98.8

Correlates of self-stigma among outpatients with mental illness in Lagos, Nigeria

ISMI

21.6(12.5,30.7)

Unemployment (OR 3.85, 95% CI 2.55–7.00), poor social support (OR 10.82, 95% CI 4.85–24.84), longer duration of illness (OR 10.35, 95% CI 4.36–25.78) and having full insight into the illness (OR 4.23, 95% CI 2.16–8.76) was associated with internalised stigma.

4

Akinjola O

[61]

2021

Nigeria

Lagos

320

100

Self-stigma in patients with schizophrenia in a psychiatry hospital in Lagos, Nigeria

ISMI

25.3(15.5,35)

5

Alem E

[62]

2017

Ethiopia

Dilla

317

100

Impact of self-stigma on quality of life of people with

mental illness

ISMI

32.1(21,43)

QoL (OR = 0.041; 95% C. I: -0.065, -0.012).

6

Amany A

[63]

2019

Egypt

Minia

100

100

Internalized stigma of mental illness and its relationship with self-esteem and social support among psychiatric Patients

Social withdrawal (60%)

Discrimination (61%)

Alienation (60%)

Stereotype (65%)

Stigma Resistance (7%)

ISMI

41(28.5,53.5)

7

Babatunde F

[45]

2018

Nigeria

Lagos

370

100

Internalized stigma in schizophrenia: cross-sectional study of prevalence and predictors

Social withdrawal (20.8%)

Discrimination (24.1%)

Alienation (22.4%)

Stereotype (8.6%)

Stigma Resistance (28.1%)

ISMI

16.5(8.5,24)

Lack of formal education (OR = 3.908), absence of good social support (OR = 0.387), high psychopathology based on the BPRS-18 (OR = 1.156) were predictors of stigma

8

Biksegn A

[32]

2018

Ethiopia

Dilla

317

100

Internalized stigma among Patients with Mental Illness

Social withdrawal (37%)

Discrimination (35.2%)

Alienation (36%)

Stereotype (30%)

Stigma Resistance (40%)

ISMI

32.1(21,43)

Being female (AOR = 0.11, 95%CI 0.09, 0.65 0.02, Nonadherence (AOR = 0.45 0.67, 0.95 0.03)

9

Dereje A [41]

2012

Ethiopia

Addis Ababa

212

100

Internalized stigma among patients with schizophrenia in Ethiopia:

ISMI

46.7(33,60)

Rural residence (OR = 5.67; 95% CI = 2.30, 13.00; p < 0.001), single marital status (OR = 3.39; 95% CI = 1.40, 8.22; p = 0.019), psychotic symptoms (OR = 2.33; 95% CI = 1.17, 4.61; p = 0.016) were significant predictors of stigma

10

Eba A [64]

2020

Ethiopia

Jimma

300

98.7

Self‑stigma and medication adherence among patients with mental illness

ISMI

28(17.7,38)

0.091, p = 0.009) and living with kids and spouse (std. β = − 0.099, p = 0.038) were negatively associated with self-stigma. WHODAS score (β = 0.501, p < 0.001), number of relapses (std. β = 0.183, p < 0.01) and medication nonadherence (std. β = 0.084, p = 0.021).

11

Elias T [65]

2020

Ethiopia

St. Paul

235

90.4

Internalized stigma among patients with mood disorders in Ethiopia: a cross‑sectional facility‑based study

Social withdrawal (26.4%)

Discrimination (27.7%)

Alienation (54.5%)

Stereotype (21.7%)

Stigma Resistance (54.9%)

ISMI

31.5(20.5,42.5)

Females (std. β = 0.169 with P < 0.01), Adherence to medication (std. β = − 0.212, P < 0.01) history of suicidal attempt

(std. β = 0.140), Being married (std. β = − 0.204), increment in age (std. β = − 0.200);

12

Endaylalu D

[66]

2017

Ethiopia

Addis Ababa

114

100

Prevalence and associated factors of internalized stigma among patients with severe mental disorders:

ISMI

43(30,56)

Experienced discrimination, r = 0.743, p < 0.05.

duration of time living with the illness, r = 0.367, p < 0.05

self-esteem, r-0.486, p < 0.05.

general self-efficacy = − 0.671, p < 0.05.

13

Eshetu G

[67]

2013

Ethiopia

Jimma

422

100

Self-stigma among people with mental illness:

ISMI

25.1(15,35)

Females (std. β = 0.11, P < 0.05)

history of traditional treatment (std. β = 0.11, P < 0.05). level of education (std. β = −0.17, P < 0.01), supernatural causes of mental illness (std. β = 0.16, P < 0.01)

14

Liyew A

[68]

2020

Ethiopia

Jimma

178

100

The lifetime prevalence and factors associated with relapse among mentally ill patients.

ISMI

30.3(19.5,41)

15

Shegaye S [43]

2020

Ethiopia

Addis Ababa

418

98.8

The magnitude of internalized stigma and associated factors among people with bipolar disorder

Social withdrawal (26.1%)

Discrimination (36.8%)

Alienation (36.1%)

Stereotype (17%)

ISMI

24.9(15,34.7)

unemployed (adjusted OR (AOR) = 2.3, 95% CI: 1.0 to 5.0), unable to read and write (AOR = 3.3, 95% CI: 1.05 to 10.7), poor social support (AOR = 5.3, 95% CI: 1.9 to 15.0), ≥ 4 previous hospitalisations due to bipolar disorder (AOR = 2.6,95% CI: 1.1 to 6.1) and low self-esteem (AOR = 2.4, 95% CI: 1.1 to 5.1) had a significant association with internalised stigma

16

Temilola J

[16]

2014

Nigeria

Abeokuta

256

100

Self-stigma, quality of life and schizophrenia:

Social withdrawal (26.2%)

Discrimination (25%)

Alienation (24.6%)

Stereotype (11.7%)

Stigma Resistance (72.7%)

ISMI

18.8(10,27)

low educational level (χ2 = 22.69, p < 0.001), unemployment (χ2 = 15.9, p < 0.001), low income (χ2

= 25.03, p < 0.001), source of income (χ2 = 12.52, p = 0.007) and severity of psychopathology (t = 8.245, p < 0.001).

17

Victor M

[69]

2016

Ghana

Kumasi

31

100

An explanatory model of psychosis: impact on the perception of self-stigma by patients in three sub-Saharan African cities

ISMI

20.7(11.9,29)

18

Victor M

[69]

2016

Kenya

Nairobi

30

100

An explanatory model of psychosis: impact on the perception of self-stigma by patients in three sub-Saharan African cities

ISMI

37.5(25.7,49)

19

Victor M

[69]

2016

Nigeria

Ibadan

24

100

Impact on the perception of self-stigma by patients in three sub-Saharan African cities

ISMI

42.1(29.7,54.6)

20

Yadeta A [12]

2020

Ethiopia

Addis Ababa

415

98.1

Internalized stigma and associated factors among patients with the major depressive disorder at the Outpatient Department

Social withdrawal (35.2%)

Discrimination (36.6%)

Alienation (37.6%)

Stereotype (30.7%)

ISMI

33.5()22,44.8

Being single (AOR = 2:54, 95% CI: 1.30, 4.95), having an illness greater than or equal to 2 years of duration (AOR = 3:21, 95% CI: 1.66, 6.19), history of suicidal attempt (AOR = 2:33, 95% CI: 1.35, 3.99), nonadherence to treatment (AOR = 2:93, 95% CI: 1.62, 5.29), poor social support (AOR = 4:72, 95% CI: 2.09, 10.64), and poor quality of life (AOR = 3:16, 95% CI: 1.82, 5.49) were significantly associated with high internalized stigma