Table 1 Characteristics of participants by depressive status, NHANES (2011–2016). Weighted
n (%) | Non-depressive group (PHQ-9 < 10, %) | Depressive group (PHQ-9 ≥ 10, %) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
All participants | 4552 (100.00) | 4159 (91.37) | 393 (8.63) | —— |
Gender | 0.001 | |||
Male | 2311 (50.77) | 2152 (93.12) | 159 (6.88) | |
Female | 2241 (49.23) | 2007 (89.56) | 234 (10.44) | |
Age, years | < 0.001 *** | |||
20–45 | 1986 (43.63) | 1853 (93.30) | 133 (6.70) | |
46–69 | 1841 (40.44) | 1642 (89.19) | 217 (11.79) | |
> 69 | 725 (15.93) | 682 (94.07) | 43 (5.93) | |
Age, years (SD) | 48.22 (17.03) | 48.21 (17.14) | 48.32 (15.72) | 0.918 |
Race | 0.028 * | |||
Mexican American | 617 (13.55) | 572 (92.71) | 45 (7.29) | |
Other Hispanic | 491 (10.79) | 433 (88.19) | 58 (11.81) | |
Non-Hispanic White | 1812 (39.81) | 1651 (91.11) | 161 (8.89) | |
Non-Hispanic Black | 971 (21.33) | 882 (90.83) | 89 (9.17) | |
Other Race | 661 (14.52) | 621 (93.95) | 40 (6.05) | |
Educational level, years | < 0.001 *** | |||
< 9 | 438 (9.62) | 377 (86.07) | 61 (13.93) | |
9–11 | 575 (12.68) | 491 (85.39) | 84 (14.61) | |
12 | 987 (21.68) | 896 (90.78) | 91 (9.22) | |
> 12 | 2552 (56.06) | 2395 (93.85) | 157 (6.15) | |
Marital status | < 0.001 *** | |||
Married | 2275 (49.98) | 2141 (94.11) | 134 (5.89) | |
Widowed | 335 (7.36) | 298 (88.96) | 37 (11.04) | |
Divorced | 496 (10.90) | 421 (84.88) | 75 (15.12) | |
Separated | 134 (2.94) | 110 (82.09) | 24 (17.91) | |
Unmarried | 927 (20.36) | 842 (90.83) | 85 (9.17) | |
Cohabitation | 385 (8.46) | 347 (90.13) | 38 (9.87) | |
Family size | 0.125 | |||
1 | 1071 (23.53) | 950 (88.70) | 121 (11.30) | |
2–4 | 2536 (55.71) | 2340 (92.27) | 196 (7.73) | |
> 4 | 945 (20.76) | 869 (91.96) | 76 (8.04) | |
Family income ($) | < 0.001 *** | |||
< 15,000 | 732 (16.08) | 602 (82.24) | 130 (17.76) | |
15,000–44,999 | 1823 (40.05) | 1639 (89.91) | 184 (10.09) | |
45,000–99,999 | 1247 (27.39) | 1186 (95.11) | 61 (4.89) | |
≥ 100,000 | 750 (16.48) | 732 (97.60) | 18 (2.40) | |
Body mass index (BMI) | 0.029 * | |||
< 25 kg/m2 | 1321 (29.02) | 1232 (93.26) | 89 (6.74) | |
25 to < 30 kg/m2 | 1476 (32.43) | 1373 (93.02) | 103 (6.98) | |
≥ 30 kg/m2 | 1755 (38.55) | 1554 (88.55) | 201 (11.45) | |
Smoking | < 0.001 *** | |||
Yes | 1994 (43.80) | 1749 (87.71) | 245 (12.29) | |
No | 2558 (56.20) | 2410 (94.21) | 148 (5.79) | |
Alcohol drinking | < 0.001 *** | |||
Yes | 695 (15.27) | 574 (82.59) | 121 (17.41) | |
No | 3857 (84.73) | 3589 (93.05) | 268 (6.95) | |
Diabetes | < 0.001 *** | |||
Yes | 763 (16.76) | 654 (85.71) | 109 (14.29) | |
No | 3789 (83.24) | 3505 (92.50) | 284 (7.50) | |
Hypertension | < 0.001 *** | |||
Yes | 1678 (36.86) | 1472 (87.72) | 206 (12.28) | |
No | 2874 (63.14) | 2687 (93.49) | 187 (6.51) | |
Trace element (SD) | ||||
Copper (Cu, µg/dL) | 117.50 (28.85) | 116.99 (29.00) | 123.88 (26.05) | < 0.001 *** |
Selenium (Se, µg/L) | 130.41 (18.65) | 130.55 (18.64) | 128.75 (18.71) | 0.122 |
Zinc (Zn, µg/dL) | 82.21 (15.23) | 82.32 (15.35) | 80.85 (13.60) | 0.158 |