Table 2 Prevalence of depressive symptoms in Korean adults aged 40 years and older (weighted %)
Variables | Depressive symptoms (PHQ-9) | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal/minimal (0–4) | Mild (5–9) | Moderate-severe (≥ 10) | ||
Total | 84.6 | 11.4 | 4.0 | |
Sex | ||||
Male | 88.0 | 8.6 | 3.4 | < .001 |
Female | 81.4 | 14.0 | 4.7 | |
Age (years) | ||||
40–64 | 84.7 | 11.5 | 3.8 | .171 |
≥ 65 | 84.1 | 11.0 | 4.9 | |
Household income level | ||||
1st quintile (lowest) | 72.2 | 16.6 | 11.1 | < .001 |
2nd quintile | 84.5 | 11.9 | 3.6 | |
3rd quintile | 83.1 | 12.9 | 4.0 | |
4th quintile | 84.9 | 11.5 | 3.6 | |
5th quintile (highest) | 91.5 | 7.2 | 1.3 | |
Education level | ||||
≥College | 89.1 | 8.5 | 2.4 | < .001 |
High school | 82.5 | 13.2 | 4.2 | |
≤Middle school | 81.5 | 12.7 | 5.9 | |
Marital status | ||||
Married | 86.9 | 10.4 | 2.7 | < .001 |
Others | 75.6 | 15.3 | 9.1 | |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | ||||
Underweight (< 18.5) | 80.8 | 15.0 | 4.2 | .122 |
Normal (18.5 ≤ < 23) | 83.6 | 12.4 | 4.0 | |
Overweight (23 ≤ < 25) | 86.1 | 9.9 | 4.0 | |
Obesity (≥ 25) | 85.2 | 11.1 | 3.7 | |
Current drinking | ||||
Yes | 85.0 | 11.4 | 3.6 | .160 |
No | 83.8 | 11.2 | 5.0 | |
Current smoking | ||||
Yes | 78.9 | 13.9 | 7.3 | < .001 |
No | 85.8 | 10.8 | 3.3 | |
Blood pressure (mmHg) | ||||
Normal tension (SBP < 120 or DBP < 80) | 83.9 | 12.2 | 3.9 | .114 |
Pre-hypertension (120 ≤ SBP < 140 or 80 ≤ DBP < 90) | 87.3 | 9.4 | 3.4 | |
Hypertension (SBP ≥ 140 or DBP ≥ 90) | 83.4 | 12.0 | 4.6 | |
Snoring | ||||
Yes | 81.6 | 14.1 | 4.3 | .075 |
No | 85.4 | 10.6 | 4.0 | |
Tiredness | ||||
Yes | 69.6 | 20.7 | 9.8 | < .001 |
No | 91.0 | 7.4 | 1.6 | |
Observed apnea | ||||
Yes | 81.1 | 15.0 | 3.9 | .059 |
No | 85.0 | 11.0 | 4.1 | |
STOP (0–4) | ||||
Normal (0) | 91.6 | 6.8 | 1.7 | < .001 |
Low risk of OSA (1) | 83.9 | 12.2 | 3.9 | |
High risk of OSA (≥ 2) | 76.0 | 16.4 | 7.5 | |