Table 1 Study characteristics of longitudinal studies
Author date | Country | Study name | Year of baseline in paper | Follow-up(s) after baseline | Overall study sample | Study sample size at baseline | Study setting | Sampling method | Gender (%F, %M) | Religion | Mean (SD) age, age range at baseline | Attrition (loss to each wave) | Mental Health Outcomes | Quality rating (risk of bias) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anxiety | Depression | ||||||||||||||
Ahles [19], 2016 | Canada | NA | NR | T2-8: 7 consecutive weekly follow-ups | Undergraduate students from a small, private Christian university | 320 | Tertiary education | Convenience | 71%F | NR | 19.08 (2.1) | NR | CES-D SF | Low risk of bias | |
Ahmed [20], 2011a | USA | NR | NR | T2: 6—12 months | Homeless adolescents within a metropolitan area | 186 | Social welfare services | Probability | 63%F | NR | 16.01 (1.30), 13 to 17 | NA | BSI | Low risk of bias | |
Benore [21], 2008 | USA | NA | NR | T2: 1 month post hospitalization | Children and adolescents admitted for inpatient treatment of asthma | 87 | Hospital | Convenience | 45%F, 55%M | Christian: 90% No affiliation: 10% | 11.6 (2.45), 8 to 17 | T2: 29% | STAIC | CES-D-SF | Moderate risk of bias |
Berry & York [22], 2011 | USA | NA | 2008 | T2-6: 5 monthly follow-ups | Religious public mid-western university students | 214 | Tertiary education | Convenience | 70%F | Christian: 74% Islamic: 0.5% Jewish: 0.5% Other: 18% No affiliation: 15% | NR | T2: 5.1% T3: 7% T4: 6.5% T5: 10.7% T6: 16.8% | CES-D | Moderate risk of bias | |
Berry [23], 2012 | USA | NA | 2010 (Early in autumn term) | T2: Immediately following winter break T3: Immediately following spring break T4: Near the end of spring term | Incoming freshmen from colleges and universities | 124 | Tertiary education | Convenience | 66%F | Christian: 29% Islamic: 26.6% Jewish: 20.2% No affiliation: 24.2% | Primarily 18 to 21 (95%) | NR | 3 items from American College Health Association’s National College Health Assessment | Moderate risk of bias | |
Booth [24], 2008 | USA | AddHealth | 1995 (WI) | WII: 1996 | Adolescents in grades 7 to 12 | 6507 | School, community | Multistage, stratified, school-based, cluster | 52%F | NR | 15.7 (1.7) | WII: 26.5% | CES-D | Low risk of bias | |
Carpenter [25], 2012 | USA | NR | NR | T2-T9: 8 weekly follow-ups | Adolescents in grades 9 to 12 from private religiously affiliated high schools | 111 | School | Convenience | 72%F | Christian: 83.9% Jewish: 0.9% Hindu: 0.9% No affiliation: 14.3% | 16.4 (1.33), 14.1 to 19.3 | NR | CDI@ | Moderate risk of bias | |
Chan [26], 2014 | USA | NA | NA | T2: Two years T3: Four years | 12th grade young adults followed until four years out of public high school | 744 | School, community | Mixed: Convenience and random | 55%F, 45%M | Christian: 44.1% Jewish: 5.1% Buddhist: 7.7% Other: 3.5% No affiliation: 39.6% | 17.9 (0.38) | T2: 29% T3: 25% | CES-D | Low risk of bias | |
Chen [27], 2018 | USA | Growing Up Today Study (GUTS) | 1999 | T2: 2007 T3: 2010 T4: 2013 | Children (transitioning from adolescence to young adulthood) of participants in the Nurses Health Study | 5,681 to 7,458 | Community | Convenience | 42.%M | NR | 14.74 (1.66), 8 to 14 | NR | Breslau’s 7-item short screening scale for PTSD | CES-D | Low risk of bias |
Cotton [28], 2013 | USA | NA | NR | T2: 11–14 months | Urban adolescents with asthma | 151 | Hospital | Convenience | 60%F | Christian: 75% No preference: 23% Other: 2% | 15.8 (1.8) | T2: 12.6% | MASC-10 | CDI-S | Low risk of bias |
Davis & Kiang [29], 2016 | USA | NA | NA | WII-IV: 3 yearly follow ups | Asian American 9th and 8th grade public high school students | 180 | School | Stratified cluster | 60%F | Christian: 33.8% Shamanism/animism: 25.4% Hinduism: 9.7% Jainism: .6% Islamic: 3.6% Atheism/agnostic: 1.8% Not specified: 15.8% | 15.03 (0.92), 13 to 18 | WII: 9% WIII: 13% WIV: 33% | CES-D, PANAS | Low risk of bias | |
Dew, Fuemmeler & Koenig [30], 2020a | USA | AddHealth | 1995 (WI) | WII: 1996 WIII: 2001–2002 WIV: 2008–2009 | Adolescents with parent interview data from WI | 9416 | School, community | Multistage, stratified, school-based, cluster | 55%F, 45%M | NR | 15.8 (1.6) | NA | CES-D | Low risk of bias | |
Dew, Kollins & Koenig [31], 2020a | USA | AddHealth | 1995 (WI) | WII: 1996 WIII: 2001–2002 WIV: 2008–2009 | 8142 adolescents with religious data from all four waves and parent interview data from Wave I | 8141 | School, community | Multistage, stratified, school-based, cluster | 55%F, 45%M | Christian: 83% Jewish: 0.7% Muslim: 0.2% Buddhist: 0.4% Hindu: 0.1% Other: 3% None: 11% | 15.8 (1.6) | NA | CES-D | Moderate risk of bias | |
Dew [32], 2010 | USA, | NA | NR | T2: 6 months | Adolescents from outpatient psychiatric clinics | 145 | Clinical | Convenience | 42%F | Christian: 93% Other: 5% No affiliation: 5% | 14.3 (1.8), 12 to 18 | T2: 28% | CES-D | Low risk of bias | |
Goeke-Morey [33], 2014 | Northern Ireland | NA | NR (WV) | WVI: 12 months | Youth from socially deprived wards in Belfast | 667 | Community | Stratified random | 50%F, 50%M | Christian: 100% | 15.75 (1.97) | NR | BSI | BSI, GHQ-12 | Moderate risk of bias |
Harker [34], 2001a | USA | AddHealth | 1994–1995 (WI) | WII: 1996 | Adolescents who participants in both WI and WII | 13350 | Community, school | Multistage, stratified, school-based, cluster | 50%M | NR | 15.04 | NA | CES-D, BDI | Low risk of bias | |
Helms [35], 2015 | USA | NA | NR | T2: 12 months | 11th grade students from rural, low-income high schools | 313 | School | Convenience | 54%F | Christian: 80% Jewish: 0.3% Hindu: 0.6% Unsure/No affiliation: 14.7% | 17.13 (0.48) | T2: 26% | MFQ | Low risk of bias | |
Horowitz & Garber [36], 2003 | USA | NA | NR | T2-7: 6 yearly follow ups | 6th grade public school students | 240 | School | Judgmental | 52.4%F | NR | 11.86 (0.57) | NR | K- SADS-E, K-LIFE | Low risk of bias | |
Kasen [37], 2012 | USA | NA | NR | T2: 10 years T3: 20 years | Offspring of depressed and non-depressed parents | 263 | Clinical, community | Judgmental | 58.9%F | Christian: 79.5% Other affiliation: 20.5% | NR | T2: 15.6% T3: 29.4% | K- SADS-E, SADS-L, | Low risk of bias | |
Kent [38], 2020a | USA | AddHealth | 1995 (WI) | WIII: 2001–2002 WIV: 2007–2008 | Grades 7 to 12 adolescents with complete depressive symptoms measurement data | 12248 | School, community | Multistage, stratified, school-based cluster | 54%F, 46%M | NR | NR | NA | CES-D | Moderate risk of bias | |
Kent & Bradshaw [39], 2020a | USA | AddHealth | 1995 (WI) | WIII: 2001–2002 WIV: 2007–2008 | Grades 7 to 12 adolescents with complete depressive symptom measurement data | 12248 | School, community | Multistage, stratified, school-based cluster | 55%F | NR | 13 to 18 | NA | CES-D | Moderate risk of bias | |
Kim [40], 2002 | South Korea | NA | NR | T2: 4 weeks | Undergraduate psychology students | 113 | Tertiary education | Convenience | 35%F, 65%M | Christian: 44% Buddhist: 5% Other: 3% No preference: 48% | 20 (Median age), 19 to 33 | NR | PANAS | Low risk of bias | |
Lalayants [41], 2020 | USA | National Survey of Child and Adolescent Wellbeing | 2008–2009 (WI) | WII: 2009 – 2011 (18 months) | Youth who underwent Child Protective Services Investigation | 5872 | Social welfare services | Judgmental | 41%F,59%M | NR | 11 to 16 | WII: 17% weighted attrition | CDI@ | Moderate risk of bias | |
Le [42], 2007 | USA | AddHealth | 1994–1995 (WI) | WII: 1996 | Grades 7 to 12 African American, Asian America, European American, Hispanic America or Native American adolescents | 13317 | School, community | Multistage, stratified, school-based cluster | NR | NR | NR | NR | CES-D | Moderate risk of bias | |
Liu [43], 2011 | USA | NA | NR | WII: 6 months | 7th grade adolescents of Mexican origin | 189 | School | Convenience | 54%F | NR | 12.29, 11 to 14 | WII: 13.2% | YSR, CBCL | YSR@, CBCL | Low risk of bias |
Malooly [44], 2017 | USA | Adolescent Adjustment Project | 2007 | T2: 2008 T3: 2009 | 10th and 11th grade urban and rural public high school students | 485 | School | Convenience | 54%F | NR | 16.10 (0.67) | T2-3: 20% | CES-D | Low risk of bias | |
Miller [45], 2002 | USA | NA | 1977–1985 | T2: 1992—1996 | Youths with and without a history of childhood depression followed up into early adulthood | 269 | Clinical, community | Mixed: Convenience (with childhood depression) and random (without childhood depression) | 47%F, 53%M | Christian: 68.4% Jewish: 10.7% Other: 12.6% | NR | NR | K-SADS-E, SADS-L | Moderate risk of bias | |
Paunesku [46], 2008 | USA | AddHealth | 1995 (WI) | WII: 1996 (12 months) | Adolescents in grades 7 to 12 | 6504 | School, community | Multistage, stratified, school-based cluster | 48%M | NR | 16.1 (1.8) | WII: 26.5% | CES-D | Moderate risk of bias | |
Perez [47], 2009a | USA | NA | NR | T2: 6 months T3: 12 months | Public school students from 6th through 9th grades | 1096 | School | Convenience | 50%F | NR | 11 to 15 | NA | CDI, 27-item modification of the BDI | Low risk of bias | |
Peterman [6], 2014a | USA | National Institute for Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Study of Early Child Care | 1991 | T2: 3 years | Early adolescents followed up in mid-adolescence | 952 | School | Quota | 48%F | NR | 11 to 12 | NA | YSR@ | YSR@ | Low risk of bias |
Petts [48], 2008a | USA | AddHealth | 1994–1995 (WI) | WII: 1996 | Grade 7 to 12 adolescents who participated in both WI and WII, have information from parents and valid sample weights | 13568 | School, community | Multistage, stratified, school-based cluster | NR | NR | NR | NA | CES-D | Low risk of bias | |
Possel [49], 2011 | USA | NA | NR | T2:4 months | High school students | 273 | School | Convenience | 65%F | NR | 15.29 (0.68) | NR | CDI @ | Moderate risk of bias | |
Ramos-Olazagasti [50], 2013 | USA | Boricua Youth Study | 2000 | WII: NR WIII: 2004 | Puerto Rican youth living in Standard Metropolitan Areas of San Juan and Caguas, Puerto Rico, and in the South Bronx, New York | 1271 | Community | Multistage probability | 50%F, 50%M | NR | 11.6 | WII: 7.95% WIII: NR | NIMH-DISC-IV | Low risk of bias | |
Rasic [51], 2013 | Canada | Adolescent Health Survey | 2000–2001 | T2: 2002–2003 | 10th grade high school students | 976 | School | Convenience | 51%F, 49%M | NR | 15.7 (0.6) | T2: 38.1% | CES-D | Low risk of bias | |
Reynolds [52], 2014 | USA | NA | 2008–2009 | T2: 2009–2012 (2 years) | Adolescents with cystic fibroisis or diabetes | 128 | Hospital | Convenience | 53%M | Christian: 86% Other: 3% No affiliation: 11% | 14.7 (1.8) | T2: 32% | Behavioral Assessment System for Children-Second Edition | Low risk of bias | |
Riley [53], 2016 | USA | NA | NR | T2: 3 months | Sexual and gender minority (SGM), and heterosexual first-year urban Jesuit university students transitioning to and across college | 2810 | Tertiary education | Convenience | SGM: 56%F; heterosexual 71%F | NR | SGM: 18.38, Heterosexual: 18.49 | T2: 36.8% | DASS-21 | DASS-21 | Moderate risk of bias |
Sallquist [54], 2010 | Indonesia | NR | NR | T2: 7.25 months T3: 1 year | 7th grade Muslim students | 959 | School | Convenience | 53%F, 47%M | NR | 13.33 (0.68), 11 to 16.92 | NR | Kendall, Henin, Macdonald, and Treadwell's anxiety scale | CDI# | Moderate risk of bias |
Smokowski [55], 2014a | USA | Rural Adaptation Project (RAP) | 2011 | T2: 2012 T3: 2013 | Middle school students from rural, disadvantaged counties followed up into high school | 4036 | School | Mixed: Judgmental and random | 52%F, 48%M | NR | 12.8 | NR | YSR# | YSR# | Moderate risk of bias |
Smokowski [56], 2017a | USA | Rural Adaptation Project (RAP) | 2011 | T2: 2012 T3:2013 T4:2014 | Middle school students from rural, disadvantaged counties followed up into high school | 3715 | School | Mixed: Judgmental and random | 52%F, 48%M | NR | 12.7 (1.05) | NR | YSR# | YSR# | Moderate risk of bias |
Upenieks [57], 2021a | USA | National Study of Youth and Religion (NSYR) | 2007–2008 (WIII) | WIV: 2013 | Emerging adults | 2432 | Community | Random sample via telephone digit dialing | 49% F | Christian: 84% Jewish: 5% Other/indeterminate: 11% | 25.42, 20 to 32 | NA | Modified 8-item version of CES-D | Moderate risk of bias | |
Van der Jagt-Jelsma [58], 2017 | Netherlands | TRacking Adolescents’ Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS) clinical cohort | 2004 | T2-4: 3 follow-ups at 2 to 3 year intervals | Pre-adolescents with psychiatric problems referred to an outpatient psychiatry clinic followed up to young adulthood | 543 | Clinical | Judgmental | 34% F, 66% M | NR | 10 to 12 | T2: 14.9% T3: 22.8% T4: 22.3% | ASEBA-YSR and ASR | ASEBA-YSR and ASR | Moderate risk of bias |
Van Voorhees [59], 2008a | USA | AddHealth | 1995 (WI) | WII: 1996 | Adolescents in grades 7 to 12 | 6504 | Community, school | Multistage, stratified, school-based cluster | NR | NR | NR | WII: 26.4% | Single question “Over the last twelve months, have you had trouble relaxing?” | CES-D | Low risk of bias |
Wortman [60], 2012 | USA | NA | NR | T2: 2 months | Undergraduate psychology students | 140 | Tertiary education | Convenience | 64% F, 36% M | Christian: 100% | 18.7 (0.98) | T2: 3% | Impact of event scale for PTSD | CES-D | Moderate risk of bias |
Yang [61], 2017 | Taiwan | NA | NR | T2: 6 months | High school students | 2239 | School | Multistage stratified cluster | 47% F, 53% M | Buddhist or Daoist: 86.8% | 16 to 18 | T2: 12.9% | CES-D | Low risk of bias | |
Yeterian [62], 2015 | USA, | NA | 2006–2009 | T2: 3 months T3: 6 months T4: 12 months (post-intake) | Adolescents who presented for treatment at an outpatient substance use disorder treatment facility | 127 | Clinical | Convenience | 24%F, 76%M | NR | 16.7 (1.2), 14 to 19 | T2: 8.7% T3: 15.7% T4: 87.4% | BSI (global severity index) | Low risk of bias | |