Table 4 Overview of risk estimates when including or adjusting for different psychiatric comorbidities in adolescents and adults with ADHD

Inclusion of specific psychiatric comorbidities

Fitzgerald et al. (2019) [22]

Suicidal behavior

ADHD without specified comorbidity

IRR 2.63–2.90 [2.27–3.36]

↑

IRR 21.55

[17.98–25.83]

IRR 13.85

[8.48–22.61]

Anxiety: IRR 7.02 [6.16–7.98]

OCD: IRR 5.35 [2.78–10.28]

PTSD: IRR 27.79 [15.78–48.95]

IRR 13.85

[8.48- 22.61]

IRR 17.25 [14.32–20.77]

IRR 4.65

[3.25–6.66]

IRR 17.26 [12.27–24.29]

Fuller-Thomson et al. (2020) [27]

Suicide attempt

ADHD without specified comorbidity

OR 1.0 (reference)

↑/NS

OR 2.35

[1.23–4.49]

OR 7.06

[3.52–14.16]

OR 0.94

[0.46–1.92]

Kakuszi et al. (2018) [32]

Suicidal ideation

ADHD only

OR 1.0 (reference)

NS

Males: OR 0.87 [0.17- 4.72]

Females: OR 3.64 [0.75–17.9]

("Affective disorders")

Sun et al. (2019) [40]

Suicide

ADHD only

HR 1.0 (reference)

↑ /NS

HR 6.65

[4.16–10.62]

HR 4.22

[2.71–6.55]

HR 5.84

[3.71–9.17]

HR 6.18

[3.55–10.77]

HR 6.69

[4.03–11.10]

HR 1.13 [0.63–2.00]

HR 3.59

[1.88–6.85]

Adjustment for specific psychiatric comorbidities

Ruchkin et al. (2017) [39]

SI and SA

SI: OR 8.84

[1.00–74.07]

SA: OR 13.50 [1.53–119.02]

↓/↑/NS

Alcohol

SI: OR 1.33 [0.21–8.53], SA: OR 9.61

[1.58–58.27]

Drug

SI: OR 10.61 [1.39–80.73], SA: OR 0.36

[0.05–2.71]

SI: OR 4.46

[0.54–36.55]

SA: OR 0.34

[0.37–3.14]

Anxiety

SI: OR 0.80

[0.09–6.12], SA: OR 0.73

[0.07–7.62]

PTSD

SI: OR 0.09 [0.01–1.78], SA: OR 0.78 [0.09–6.45]

SI: OR 0.18

[0.02–2.27]

SA: OR 17.67

[0.91–341.60]

("Mania")

Yoshimasu et al. (2019) [42]

Suicidality

OR 2.42

[1.51–3.86]

↓/↑

Substanse-related

OR 2.16 [1.34–3.48]

Alcohol dependence

OR 2.37 [1.48–3.79]

OR 1.93

[1.18–33.15]

GAD: OR 2.27 [1.40–3.67]

OCD: OR 2.12 [1.31–3.44]

PTSD: OR 2.28 [1.41–3.69]

Hypomanic episode:

OR 2.06

[1.31–3.78], Dysthymia: OR 2.06

[1.27–3.35]

APD:

OR 2.20

[1.36–3.55]