Fig. 1

Illustration of the exploratory structural equation modeling bifactor structure under examination. The dashed arrows indicate nontarget loadings. ED General Exhaustion Disorder factor, PSY Psychological bifactor, PHY Physical bifactor, KEDS1 Concentration item, KEDS2 Memory item, KEDS3 Physical stamina item, KEDS4 Mental stamina item, KEDS5 Recovery item, KEDS6 Sleep item, KEDS7 Sensory hypersensitivity item, KEDS8 Experience of demands item; KEDS9: irritation/anger item