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Table 4 Sample characteristics of PSU cases and non-cases

From: Determination of the cutoff point for Smartphone Application-Based Addiction Scale for adolescents: a latent profile analysis

Variable

Non-PSU, N = 49,888a

PSU, N = 13,317a

p-valueb

Cohen’s d/Odds ratio, 95%CI

Gender, female

25,303 (51%)

6,704 (50%)

0.4

0.99 (0.95, 1.02)

Age

14.30 (1.67)

14.44 (1.55)

 < 0.001

0.08

School type

  

 < 0.001

1.12 (1.08.1.17)

 Junior high school

15,386 (31%)

4,446 (33%)

  

 Senior high school

34,502 (69%)

8,871 (67%)

  

Current smoker, yes

505 (1.0%)

381 (2.9%)

 < 0.001

2.88 (2.52, 3.29)

Current drinker, yes

4,058 (8.1%)

2,660 (20%)

 < 0.001

2.82 (2.67, 2.97)

Living in urban, yes

36,929 (74%)

9,942 (75%)

0.14

0.97 (0.93, 1.01)

Only children, yes

10,786 (22%)

3,118 (23%)

 < 0.001

1.02 (1.01, 1.03)

Left-behind children, yes

17,493 (35%)

4,709 (35%)

0.5

0.99 (0.95, 1.02)

SDQ-Emotional Symptoms

2.66 (2.30)

4.56 (2.60)

 < 0.001

0.806

SDQ-Conduct Problems

2.03 (1.45)

3.03 (1.71)

 < 0.001

0.661

SDQ-Hyperactivity Inattention

3.34 (2.06)

5.19 (2.12)

 < 0.001

0.889

SDQ-Peer problems

3.09 (1.54)

3.41 (1.70)

 < 0.001

0.201

SDQ-Prosocial behavior

7.42 (2.07)

6.58 (2.12)

 < 0.001

0.404

SDQ total difficulties

11.1 (5.3)

16.2 (5.7)

 < 0.001

0.944

PHQ9

5.4 (4.5)

10.3 (5.8)

 < 0.001

1.023

WEMWBS

48 (13)

40 (12)

 < 0.001

0.648

IGDS9SF

13.6 (5.0)

21.6 (8.3)

 < 0.001

1.362

BSMAS

9.9 (3.9)

15.1 (5.8)

 < 0.001

1.174

SABAS

14 (5)

26 (3)

 < 0.001

2.660

CDRISC

24 (9)

18 (8)

 < 0.001

0.605

GAD-7

4.5 (3.8)

8.3 (4.8)

 < 0.001

0.971

PSQI

3.7 (2.9)

6.3 (3.4)

 < 0.001

0.862

IGD, yes (IGDS9-SF ≥ 32)

239 (0.5%)

1,574 (12%)

 < 0.001

27.8 (24.2, 32.0)

PSMU, yes (BSAMS ≥ 24)

197 (0.4%)

1,077 (8.1%)

 < 0.001

22.2 (19.0, 25.9)

Sleep disturbance, yes (PSQI ≥ 6)

11,507 (23%)

7,140 (56%)

 < 0.001

3.86 (3.70, 4.01)

Depression, yes (PHQ-9 ≥ 10)

7,951 (16%)

6,599 (50%)

 < 0.001

5.18 (4.97, 5.40)

Anxiety, yes (GAD-7 ≥ 10)

4,380 (8.8%)

4,433 (33%)

 < 0.001

5.18 (4.94, 5.43)

  1. SDQ Strength and Difficulties questionnaire, PHQ9 9-item Patient health questionnaire, WEMWBS Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale, IGDS9-SF 9-item Internet Gaming Disorder scale Short Form, BSMAS Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale, SABAS Smartphone-Application Based Addiction Scale, GAD-7 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) for anxiety, PSQI Pittsburgh sleep quality index, CD-RISC Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, PSU problematic smartphone use, IGD internet gaming disorder, PSMU problematic social media use
  2. an (%); Mean (SD)
  3. bPearson’s Chi-squared test; t test
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BMC Psychiatry

ISSN: 1471-244X

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