Table 1 Characteristics of study participants aged ≥ 18 years from the 2011–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey by oleic acid level (n = 4,459)
From: Association of serum oleic acid level with depression in American adults: a cross-sectional study
Characteristic | Overall | Oleic acid (18:1n-9) quartiles, mmol/L | p-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | |||
(≤ 1.54 mmol/L) | (> 1.54 to 1.94 mmol/L) | (> 1.94 to < 2.51 mmol/L) | (≥ 2.51 mmol/L) | |||
Oleic acid level, mmol/L, mean (95% CI) | 2.21 (2.14, 2.29) | 1.29 (1.27, 1.31) | 1.74 (1.73, 1.75) | 2.19 (2.18, 2.20) | 3.49 (3.35, 3.63) | Â |
Sample size, n (%) | 4459 (100) | 1136 (25.48) | 1105 (24.78) | 1103 (24.74) | 1115 (25.01) | Â |
Male, n (%) | 2207 (49.5) | 518 (46.84) | 532 (47.39) | 547 (47.33) | 610 (55.37) | 0.013 |
Age, years, mean (95% CI) | 46.53 (45.59, 47.47) | 39.05 (37.51, 40.60) | 46.30 (44.66, 47.95) | 48.82 (47.43, 50.21) | 51.14 (49.92, 52.37) |  < 0.001 |
Educational level, n (%) | 0.409 | |||||
 < High school | 1015 (22.77) | 236 (16.24) | 241 (17.02) | 265 (18.45) | 273 (16.98) |  |
 Completed high school | 964 (21.63) | 264 (23.21) | 239 (20.28) | 223 (17.85) | 238 (21.26) |  |
 > High school | 2478 (55.6) | 636 (60.56) | 624 (62.70) | 615 (63.71) | 603 (61.76) |  |
Race/ethnicity, n (%) |  < 0.001 | |||||
 Non-Hispanic White | 1880 (42.16) | 364 (55.28) | 471 (68.66) | 494 (71.10) | 551 (73.19) |  |
 Non-Hispanic Black | 948 (21.26) | 394 (21.48) | 256 (12.38) | 178 (7.52) | 120 (5.28) |  |
 Mexican American | 539 (12.09) | 105 (8.25) | 116 (7.08) | 166 (9.21) | 152 (8.43) |  |
 Other Hispanic | 436 (9.78) | 103 (6.55) | 96 (5.00) | 118 (6.26) | 119 (5.73) |  |
 Other race/multiple races | 656 (14.71) | 170 (8.44) | 166 (6.88) | 147 (5.92) | 173 (7.36) |  |
Marital status, n (%) | 0.044 | |||||
 Married/Living with partner | 2497 (59.3) | 524 (57.22) | 649 (65.02) | 651 (65.88) | 673 (64.00) |  |
 Widowed/Divorced/Separated/Never married | 1714 (40.7) | 477 (42.78) | 405 (34.98) | 413 (34.12) | 419 (36.00) |  |
 Alcohol status, n (%) | 3197 (71.79) | 809 (76.44) | 775 (76.05) | 787 (78.27) | 826 (80.42) | 0.162 |
Smoking status, n (%) |  < 0.001 | |||||
 Never smoking | 2501 (57.64) | 693 (63.70) | 646 (59.54) | 613 (56.48) | 549 (49.83) |  |
 Former smoker | 1000 (23.05) | 211 (19.47) | 252 (24.16) | 249 (24.09) | 288 (26.57) |  |
 Current smoker | 838 (19.31) | 176 (16.83) | 179 (16.30) | 218 (19.43) | 265 (23.59) |  |
Physical activity, n (%) |  < 0.001 | |||||
 Inactive | 2178 (48.85) | 492 (42.43) | 532 (45.18) | 545 (46.12) | 609 (52.50) |  |
 Moderate | 1224 (27.45) | 270 (22.43) | 321 (30.42) | 323 (30.06) | 310 (29.68) |  |
 Vigorous | 400 (8.97) | 154 (13.56) | 89 (8.36) | 86 (7.46) | 71 (6.29) |  |
 Both moderate and vigorous | 657 (14.73) | 220 (21.57) | 163 (16.05) | 149 (16.35) | 125 (11.52) |  |
BMI, n (%) |  < 0.001 | |||||
 < 25.0 kg/m2 | 1391 (31.48) | 460 (41.76) | 382 (34.50) | 320 (29.68) | 229 (17.89) |  |
 25.0 to < 30.0 kg/m2 | 1423 (32.21) | 342 (31.67) | 356 (33.46) | 355 (33.52) | 370 (33.46) |  |
 ≥ 30.0 kg/m2 | 1604 (36.31) | 330 (26.56) | 356 (32.04) | 418 (36.80) | 500 (48.65) |  |
 Total cholesterol, mmol/L, mean (95% CI) | 4.93 (4.88, 4.97) | 4.27 (4.20, 4.34) | 4.69 (4.64, 4.75) | 5.13 (5.05, 5.21) | 5.53 (5.45, 5.61) |  < 0.001 |
 Omega-3 PUFAs, μmol/L, mean (95% CI) | 363.63 (353.97, 373.29) | 269.95 (259.92, 279.98) | 320.08 (305.85, 334.31) | 366.08 (353.66, 378.50) | 485.11 (473.09, 497.13) |  < 0.001 |
 Metabolic Syndrome, n (%) | 1463 (33.09) | 173 (12.81) | 245 (20.95) | 348 (28.39) | 697 (65.04) |  < 0.001 |
 Depression, n (%) | 383 (8.59) | 66 (5.69) | 87 (6.87) | 94 (7.23) | 136 (11.19) | 0.002 |