Depressive symptoms and daily living dependence in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: the mediating role of positive and negative perceived stress

Table 1 Characteristics of participants and distribution of depressive symptoms, perceived stress, and IADL dependence (N = 110)

Variables	N(%)	Mean ± SD
Personal characteristic factors
Age		73.43 ± 6.91
Female gender	68 (61.8)
Married	92 (83.6)
Years of education		9.06 ± 4.18
Regular exercise (Yes)	52 (47.3)
Diabetic dietary control (Yes)	57 (51.8)
Source of primary caregivers reported by patients
Spouses (Yes)	74 (67.3)
Children (Yes)	36 (32.7)
Neuropathy (Yes)	40 (36.4)
Disease (n.)		2.75 ± 1.14
>2 diagnoses	48 (43.6)
GDS-S (0–15 points)		3.94 ± 3.27
Perceived Stress Scale
PPS (0–28 points)		18.34 ± 4.68
NPS (0–28 points)		10.48 ± 4.12
Outcome variable
IADL (0–24 points) dependence		2.53 ± 4.46

Note: Disease (n.): total number of diseases; GDS-S: Geriatric Depression Scale-Short Form (0–15 points); PPS: positive perceived stress (0–28 points); NPS: negative perceived stress (0–28 points); IADLs: instrumental activities of daily living (0–24 points)

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