Table 1 Study characteristics (k = 12)
Study | Location | Sample | Target condition(s) | Eligibility based on | Content of LICBT | Type of LI CBT | Anxiety measure(s) | Depression measure(s) | Worry measure(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Al-Alawi et al. (2021) [37*] | Oman | n = 46; GAD-7 total score ≥ 12 or PHQ-9 total score ≥ 10 | COVID-19–induced anxiety and depression | non-specified assessor | Therapist-Guided Online Therapy Versus Self-help Internet-Based Therapy; 6 weeks | individual | GAD-7 | PHQ-9 | |
Andersson et al. (2012) [38*] | Sweden | n = 81; Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders research version – SCID-I | GAD | trained assessor | Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; 8 modules over 8 weeks; total therapist contact = 92 min | individual-guided | BAI, STAI-S, STAI-T, GAD-Q-IV | BDI-II | PSWQ |
Carl et al. (2020) [39*] | USA, UK | n = 256; GAD 7 ≥ 10, combined with a GAD diagnosis with a digital MINI-7 for DSM-5 | GAD | trained assessor | Daylight, smartphone-based and fully automated digital CBT intervention. 4 modules over 6 weeks (10–20 min/per session). The program was self-paced and delivered through a cellphone | individual-guided | GAD-7 | PHQ-9 | PSWQ |
Dahlin et al. (2016) [40*] | Sweden | n = 103; PSWQ ≥ 45, MADRS-S ≤ 30, SCID-I | GAD | trained assessor | “Oroshjälpen” (translated “The anxiety aid”). 7 modules over 9 weeks; no information about session duration | individual | GAD-7 | PHQ-9 | PSWQ |
Jones et al. (2016) [41*] | Canada | n = 46, GAD-7 ≥ 10, MINI and MINI Plus; 60 years old or above | clinical, subclinical GAD | trained assessor and clinician | GAD Online for Older Adults, ICBT programs for GAD. 7 modules over 10 weeks, no information about session duration | individual-guided | GAD-7, GAI | PHQ-9, GDS | PSWQ-A |
Newman et al. (2014) [42*] | USA | n = 38, with a principal diagnosis of GAD using ADIS-IV | GAD | trained assessor | Palmtop computer-assisted Group CBT for GAD, or Group CBT for GAD without the computer. 6 sessions (120 min each) over 8 weeks | group | HAM-A, STAI-T | PSWQ | |
Paxling et al. (2011) [43*] | Sweden | n = 89, telephone interview with SCID-I | GAD | trained assessor, confirmed by clinician | Guided Internet-delivered cognitive behavior therapy. 8 modules over 8 weeks. Variable session duration | individual-guided | GAD-Q-IV, STAI, BAI | MADRS-S, BDI | PSWQ |
Richards et al. (2016) [44*] | Ireland | n = 137, GAD-7 ≥ 10 | GAD | self-report | The Calming Anxiety supported programme, an Internet-delivered CBT intervention. 6 sessions over 6 weeks; mean session duration 27.38 min | individual-guided | GAD-7 | BDI-II | PSWQ |
Robinson et al. (2010) [45*] | Australia | n = 150, telephone interview with MINI 5.0.0 | GAD | non-specified assessor | The Worry program, an iCBT program. Technician-assisted or clinician-assisted. 6 online lessons within 10 weeks; no information on session duration | individual | GAD-7 | PHQ-9 | PSWQ |
Rollman et al. (2017) [46*] | USA | n = 155, GAD-7 ≥ 10, 18–75 years old | Mood and anxiety disorders | self-report | Care manager-guided, the Beating the Blues CCBT program. 8 sessions over six months, 1 to 2 sessions per week; each session lasted for 60 min | individual-guided | PROMIS | PROMIS | |
Terides et al. (2017) [47*] | Australia | n = 89; first screened (GAD-7 ≥ 5 or PHQ-9 ≥ 5), then MINI-5 | Depression, anxiety | trained assessor | The Wellbeing Course, iCBT (a wellbeing course). 8 weeks; no information about session duration | individual-guided | GAD-7 | PHQ-9 | |
Titov et al. (2009) [48*] | Australia | n = 48, telephone interview with MINI 5.0.0 | GAD | non-specified assessor | An Internet-based CaCCBT programme for GAD, the Worry programme. 6 online lessons over 9 weeks | individual-guided | GAD-7 | PHQ-9 | PSWQ |