Table 4 Binary logistic regression analysis

Gender

Females (reference category)

1.00

Males

0.52 (0.41–0.66)***

0.63 (0.49–0.80)***

Age group

18–20 years (reference category)

1.00

21–23 years

0.94 (0.77–1.15)

0.94 (0.77–1.15)

24–26 years

0.97 (0.64–1.47)

1.02 (0.68–1.55)

27–29 years

0.84 (0.45–1.54)

0.96 (0.55–1.88)

30 years and over

0.73 (0.39–1.37)

0.47 (0.25–0.90)*

Marital status

Single (reference category)

1.00

Married

1.06 (0.73–1.55)

0.69 (0.48-1.00)*

Divorced

3.96 (1.16–13.55)*

1.15 (0.47–2.81)

Widowed

0.14 (0.02–1.18)

1.53 (0.28–8.35)

Study level

First year (reference category)

1.00

 s year

0.97 (0.80–1.18)

1.16 (0.96–1.40)

Third year

0.93 (0.73–1.18)

1.17 (0.92–1.50)

Fourth year

1.14 (0.83–1.56)

1.15 (0.84–1.56)

Fifth year

0.94 (0.56–1.59)

1.12 (0.66–1.89)

Sixth year (Dentistry, Pharmacy, and Medicine)

1.39 (0.56–3.45)

0.69 (0.29–1.63)

Higher education

1.40 (0.85–2.30)

0.57 (0.35–0.91)*

Faculty

Medical sciences (reference category)

1.00

Non-medical sciences

1.16 (0.98–1.37)

1.04 (0.88–1.24)

Monthly income

Less than 500 JD (reference category)

1.00

500–1000 JD

0.73 (0.62–0.87)***

1.12 (0.94–1.33)

1000–1500 JD

0.77 (0.58–1.03)

1.04 (0.78–1.39)

1500 JD and above

1.01 (0.74–1.38)

0.73 (0.54–0.99)*

Do you feel that your mental abilities have been negatively affected by the use of smart phones? (Yes)

1.92 (1.58–2.34)***

5.73 (4.53–7.25)***

Do you feel that using smartphones has affected your sleep and made it harder to fall asleep? (Yes)

1.84 (1.50–2.25)***

3.46 (2.76–4.33)***

I feel that everything requires effort and fatigue, and I do not want to do any activity that requires effort. (Yes)

3.25 (2.56–4.12)***

6.91 (5.39–8.86)***