Assessment of probiotic strain Lactobacillus acidophilus LB supplementation as adjunctive management of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: a randomized controlled clinical trial

Table 2 Conners Parent Rating Scale, comparing the probiotic and control group results at baseline and follow-up measurements

CPRS-R-L (Raw score)	Probiotics (N = *36)*					Control (N = *40)*					p- Value^(M)
	Before	After	∆	p-Value^(W)		Before	After	∆	p- Value^(W)
	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	p-Value^(W)	d	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	p- Value^(W)	d
Inattentive	13.52 ± 7.3	7.86 ± 3.64	-5.14 ± 8	< 0.001*	0.74	12.2 ± 4.27	10.83 ± 3.9	-1.4 ± 3.73	0.042*	0.45	0.017*
Hyperactive/impulsive	12.8 ± 2.6	9.7 ± 3.5	-3.1 ± 3.7	< 0.001*	0.87	12.6 ± 3.7	11.4 ± 3.7	-1.2 ± 5.5	0.336	0.22	0.037*
Total	25.6 ± 4.4	19.6 ± 6.6	-6 ± 7.4	< 0.001*	0.85	25.7 ± 7.6	24.35 ± 7.8	-1.3 ± 10.4	0.561	0.13	0.034*
CPRS-R- (T score)
Inattentive	62.6 ± 8	56 ± 7	-6.7 ± 10	0.001*	0.75	62 ± 8.4	59.6. ± 8.14	-2.5 ± 6.7	0.043*	0.45	0.007*
Hyperactive/impulsive	63.31 ± 6	56.53 ± 7	-6.8 ± 8.7	< 0.001*	0.85	62.8 ± 9.2	60.15 ± 7	-2.6 ± 12	0.218	0.28	0.035*
Total	63.6 ± 6.6	57.4 ± 3.2	-6.11 ± 8	< 0.001*	0.84	62.73 ± 7.2	60.3 ± 7	-2.5 ± 9.5	0.181	0.3	0.032*

CPRS-R-L Conners Parent Rating Scale–Revised Long Version
^(W)Wilcoxon signed-rank test (Before vs. after comparison for each group separately); ∆ (After minus Before; ^(M) Mann–Whitney U-test (∆ comparison between the groups);*p < 0.05; d, The Cohen’s d effect size

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