Assessment of probiotic strain Lactobacillus acidophilus LB supplementation as adjunctive management of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: a randomized controlled clinical trial

Table 3 Child Behavioral Checklist, comparing the probiotic and control group results at baseline and follow-up measurements

CBCL Parent Form (Raw score)	Probiotics (N = *36)*					Control (N = *40)*					p- Value^(M)
	Before	After	∆	p-Value^(W)		Before	After	∆	p- Value^(W)
	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	p-Value^(W)	d	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	p- Value^(W)	d
Syndrome scale (Internalizing)	17 ± 1.3	14 ± 6	-3.1 ± 6.31	0.006*	0.62	16.5 ± 2.3	15.7 ± 2	-0.7 ± 2.7	0.064	0.41	0.007*
Syndrome scale (Externalizing)	18.14 ± 2.4	15.31 ± 3.6	-2.83 ± 4.5	0.001*	0.71	17.8 ± 3.4	17.2 ± 3	-0.6 ± 3	0.209	0.3	0.007*
Total Score	57.8 ± 3.4	53 ± 9.6	-5 ± 9.3	0.002*	0.70	58.8 ± 3.4	57.7 ± 3.5	-1.13 ± 4.23	0.072	0.40	0.007*
CBCL Parent Form (T score)
Syndrome scale (Internalizing)	68.83 ± 2.3	66 ± 4.5	-2.8 ± 4.2	0.001*	0.74	68.5 ± 2	68 ± 2.2	-0.6 ± 2.7	0.055	0.43	0.014*
Syndrome scale (Externalizing)	69.6 ± 3.5	66.5 ± 4.3	-3.11 ± 4.7	< 0.001*	0.85	69.25 ± 3.3	68.6 ± 4	-0.67 ± 3.3	0.556	0.13	0.002*
Total Score	67.8 ± 6.6	62.7 ± 4.8	-5 ± 7.8	0.001*	0.71	68 ± 6	65.8 ± 6	-2.2 ± 8	0.0.82	0.40	0.024*

CBCL Child Behavioral Checklist
^(W)Wilcoxon signed-rank test (Before vs. after comparison for each group separately), ∆ (After minus Before, ^(M) Mann–Whitney U-test (∆ comparison between the groups),*p < 0.05; d, The Cohen’s d effect size

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