Table 1 Characteristics of participants (n₁ = 5 311 for the cross-sectional analysis, and n₂ = 2 696 for the cohort analysis)

Age (years)

68.2 ± 6.5

71.3 ± 7.6

< 0.001^**

67.6 ± 6.0

70.3 ± 7.2

< 0.001^**

Females (%)

1,808 (41.6)

545(56.6)

< 0.001^**

825(35.7)

195(50.4)

< 0.001^**

Body mass index (kg/m²)

23.4 ± 3.6

23.1 ± 3.5

0.004^*

23.6 ± 3.5

23.3 ± 3.3

0.131

Living in rural areas (%)

3,298(75.9)

794(82.5)

< 0.001^**

1,694(73.4)

303(78.3)

< 0.001^**

Education (≤ 6 years, %)

2,158(49.6)

623(64.7)

< 0.001^**

991(42.9)

218(56.3)

< 0.001^**

Married (%)

4,327(99.5)

915(95.0)

< 0.001^**

2,301(99.7)

375(96.9)

< 0.001^**

Current smokers (%)

0.688

0.539

 No

3,019(69.4)

675(70.1)

1,558(67.5)

255(65.9)

 Yes

1,329(30.6)

288(29.9)

751(32.5)

132(34.1)

Current drinkers (%)

< 0.001^**

0.008^*

 No

2,773 (63.8)

676(70.2)

1,374(59.5)

258(66.7)

 Yes

1,575(36.2)

287(29.8)

935(40.5)

129(33.3)

Social activities (%)

2,257(51.9)

503(52.2)

0.856

1,262(54.7)

206(53.2)

0.602

Financial support (Int$)

917.3(297.2,2 930.0)

775.2(258.4,1 576.2)

< 0.001^**

1 033.6(335.9,2 325.6)

801.0(271.3,1 633.1)

< 0.001^**

Depressive symptoms (%)

1 496(34.4)

425(44.1)

< 0.001^**

686(29.7)

152(39.3)

< 0.001^**

CES-D10 (points)

8.3 ± 6.4

9.8 ± 7.1

< 0.001^**

7.4 ± 6.1

9.0 ± 7.1

< 0.001^**