Table 4 Multivariable regression models predicting presence and severity of opioid use disorder (OUD) as outcomes

Current opiate dose

Q1 (< 1.4)

Ref

Ref

Q2 (1.4–2.8)

2.65 (1.41–4.97)**

0.81 (0.33-2.00)

Q3 (2.8-7.0)

3.55 (1.98–6.37)**

1.19 (0.52–2.70)

Q4 (> 7.0)

5.87 (2.96–11.65)**

1.88 (0.82–4.33)

P trend

< 0.01

0.054

Prior opiate dose

Q1 (< 0.6)

Ref

Ref

Q2 (0.6–2.8)

1.81 (1.04–3.16)*

1.37 (0.64–2.93)

Q3 (2.8–10.5)

1.38 (0.72–2.65)

2.19 (0.91–5.23)

Q4 (> 10.5)

2.21 (1.20–4.09)*

2.51 (1.15–5.47)*

P trend

< 0.05

< 0.05

Change in dose (for each 10-gram per week change)

3.18 (1.79–5.63)**

1.01 (0.58–1.76)

Current opiate route

Smoke only

Ref

Ref

Oral only

1.54 (0.93–2.54)

1.29 (0.66–2.51)

Dual

2.96 (1.11–7.92)*

2.65 (1.07–6.54)*

P trend

< 0.01

0.054

Prior opiate route

Smoke only

Ref

Ref

Oral only

1.35 (0.76–2.40)

1.17 (0.60–2.25)

Dual

1.28 (0.29–5.53)

1.21 (0.27–5.25)

P trend

0.295

0.593

Change in route

Still smoke

Ref

Ref

Still oral

2.97 (1.55–5.71)**

1.88 (0.86–4.10)

Change from smoke

1.87 (1.10–3.17)*

1.44 (0.72–2.85)

Change from oral

1.56 (0.48–5.04)

4.09 (0.95–17.52)