Table 1 Demographics of dizziness vs. non-dizziness and chronic dizziness vs. non-chronic dizziness groups

Demographic data

Age ^b

< .001

.043

40–49

24.5 (1.9)

29.8 (1.4)

18.6 (3.8)

25.7 (2.1)

50–59

27.3 (1.9)

31.2 (1.2)

23.5 (4.6)

28.1 (2.0)

60–69

21.5 (1.4)

22.3 (1.1)

20.7 (3.9)

21.6 (1.4)

70–79

17.7 (1.3)

12.1 (0.8)

22.3 (3.3)

16.7 (1.3)

≥ 80

9.1 (1.0)

4.7 (0.5)

14.8 (2.5)

7.9 (1.1)

Sex ^b

< .001

.034

Male

36.9 (1.5)

51.4 (0.9)

29.2 (3.5)

38.5 (1.8)

Female

63.1 (1.5)

48.6 (0.9)

70.8 (3.5)

61.5 (1.8)

Household income ^b

< .001

.027

Lower

26.2 (2.1)

16.0 (1.2)

35.9 (4.0)

24.1 (2.4)

Lower-middle

24.5 (1.7)

22.4 (1.3)

27.8 (4.3)

23.8 (1.7)

Upper-middle

25.3 (1.9)

29.2 (1.3)

14.9 (3.9)

27.5 (2.1)

Upper

24.1 (2.0)

32.4 (1.9)

21.4 (5.3)

24.6 (2.0)

Education ^b

< .001

.146

Elementary school and below

25.0 (1.9)

15.2 (1.0)

32.4 (4.9)

23.7 (2.0)

Middle school

12.4 (1.1)

10.7 (0.7)

14.3 (2.9)

12.0 (1.3)

High school

31.8 (1.8)

36.3 (1.4)

30.5 (4.3)

32.1 (2.0)

University or above

30.8 (2.3)

37.7 (1.9)

22.8 (5.0)

32.2 (2.4)

Otologic examination

Tympanic abnormality ^b

6.7 (0.8)

6.4 (0.5)

.741

10.1 (2.3)

6.0 (0.8)

.037

Physical examination

waist circumference ^b

.346

.668

<cut off

45.9 (1.9)

47.9 (1.1)

47.5 (4.3)

45.5 (2.0)

≥cut off

54.1 (1.9)

52.1 (1.1)

52.5 (4.3)

54.5 (2.0)

Serum TG level ^b

.026

.340

<150mg/dL

71.5 (1.9)

66.6 (1.1)

75.0 (4.0)

70.8 (2.0)

≥150mg/dL

28.5 (1.9)

33.4 (1.1)

25.0 (4.0)

29.2 (2.0)

Serum HDL level ^b

.230

.616

>cut off

62.5 (1.8)

64.9 (1.2)

60.6 (4.3)

62.9 (2.0)

≤cut off

37.5 (1.8)

35.1 (1.2)

39.4 (4.3)

37.1 (2.0)

Comorbidity

Hypertension ^b

34.5 (1.7)

29.8 (1.0)

.007

43.5 (3.7)

32.6 (1.9)

.008

Diabetes ^b

13.2 (1.3)

13.7 (0.7)

.720

22.3 (3.3)

11.3 (1.2)

< .001

Stroke ^b

3.4 (0.6)

2.2 (0.3)

.074

4.7 (1.7)

3.1 (0.6)

.289

Myocardial infarction ^b

4.3 (0.6)

3.3 (0.4)

.142

5.9 (1.6)

4.0 (0.6)

.224

Arthritis ^b

22.1 (1.5)

11.7 (0.6)

< .001

32.8 (3.7)

20.2 (1.7)

.002

Health behavior

Smoking ^b

< .001

.349

Never smoker

62.9 (1.8)

55.4 (1.0)

68.2 (3.5)

61.8 (2.0)

Former

22.9 (1.3)

26.6 (0.9)

18.9 (3.1)

23.8 (1.4)

Current

14.2 (1.3)

17.9 (1.0)

12.9 (3.0)

14.5 (1.5)

Alcohol consumption, more than once per month ^b

48.5 (2.0)

57.7 (1.2)

< .001

43.6 (4.9)

49.5 (2.1)

.269

Sleep hours (4,139) ^b

.002

< .001

≤5 hr

23.9 (1.4)

18.0 (0.7)

31.6 (3.5)

22.3 (1.5)

≤ 6 hr

22.3 (1.4)

25.7 (1.0)

13.8 (2.4)

24.0 (1.5)

≤ 7 hr

23.8 (1.6)

27.8 (1.1)

14.0 (3.1)

25.8 (1.7)

≤8 hr

17.2 (1.4)

16.4 (0.8)

15.7 (3.7)

17.5 (1.6)

≥9 hr

12.9 (1.4)

12.2 (0.8)

25.0 (3.8)

10.5 (1.3)

Functional status

Limited functional status due to visual acuity ^b

< .001

.084

No limitation

87.7 (1.0)

94.3 (0.5)

81.9 (3.1)

88.7 (1.1)

Limitation due to visual acuity

0.5 (0.2)

0.3 (0.1)

1.0 (1.0)

0.4 (0.2)

Limitation but no due to visual acuity

11.8 (1.0)

5.4 (0.4)

17.1 (2.8)

10.8 (1.1)

Activity of daily living ^b

< .001

.008

No difficulty with ADL

88.4 (1.1)

95.6 (0.5)

80.7 (3.3)

89.7 (1.2)

Partial difficulty with ADL

10.9 (1.0)

4.2 (0.5)

17.6 (3.1)

9.7 (1.1)

Cannot perform ADL

0.7 (0.3)

0.2 (0.1)

1.7 (1.0)

0.6 (0.3)

Psychological variable

Stress ^b

< .001

.003

None

13.1 (1.2)

16.7 (0.9)

9.4 (1.9)

13.9 (1.4)

Little

55.7 (1.5)

60.8 (1.0)

47.0 (3.4)

57.5 (1.8)

Much

26.5 (1.6)

18.5 (1.0)

36.5 (3.9)

24.4 (1.8)

Very much

4.7 (0.7)

3.9 (0.5)

7.1 (2.0)

4.2 (0.7)

Anxiety/Depression ^b

< .001

.160

None

84.0 (1.4)

93.2 (0.6)

81.0 (3.4)

84.5 (1.5)

Much

15.0 (1.3)

6.5 (0.6)

16.7 (3.3)

14.8 (1.5)

Very much

1.0 (0.3)

0.4 (0.1)

2.4 (1.2)

0.7 (0.3)

Depression (PHQ-9 total score) ^a

3.11 (0.16)

1.79 (0.08)

< .001

5.02 (0.04)

2.79 (0.16)

< .001

Cognitive/affective domain ^a,d

0.24 (0.02)

0.13 (0.01)

< .001

0.37 (0.05)

0.22 (0.02)

.004

Somatic domain ^a,d

0.48 (0.02)

0.29 (0.01)

< .001

0.80 (0.06)

0.43 (0.02)

< .001