Table 2 Logistic regression analysis results for dizziness in entire cohort (n = 4,147)

Demographic data

Age

40–49

1

1

50–59

1.07 (0.83–1.38)

0.612

1.06 (0.79–1.43)

0.685

60–69

1.17 (0.92–1.49)

0.186

0.98 (0.74–1.31)

0.890

70–79

1.79 (1.40–2.28)

< 0.001

1.29 (0.84–1.99)

0.235

≥ 80

2.36 (1.71–3.25)

< 0.001

1.43 (0.77–2.64)

0.257

Sex

Male

1

1

Female

1.81 (1.54–2.13)

< 0.001

1.79 (1.34–2.39)

< 0.001

Household income

Lower

2.21 (1.73–2.81)

< 0.001

1.09 (0.75–1.58)

0.666

Lower-middle

1.47 (1.20–1.81)

< 0.001

1.05 (0.81–1.36)

0.726

Upper-middle

1.17 (0.95–1.44)

0.133

0.95 (0.77–1.18)

0.667

Upper

1

1

Education

Elementary school and below

2.01 (1.63–2.48)

< 0.001

1.24 (0.86–1.79)

0.239

Middle school

1.41 (1.10–1.81)

0.007

1.2 (0.83–1.74)

0.333

High school

1.07 (0.86–1.34)

0.522

1 (0.77–1.29)

0.973

University or above

1

1

Otologic examination

Tympanic abnormality

1.05 (0.77–1.43)

0.741

-

-

Physical examination

waist circumference

<cut off

1

-

-

≥cut off

1.08 (0.92–1.28)

0.346

-

-

Serum TG level

<150 mg/dL

1

1

≥150 mg/dL

0.79 (0.65–0.97)

0.026

0.92 (0.73–1.15)

0.443

Serum HDL level

>cut off

1

-

-

≤cut off

1.11 (0.94–1.32)

0.230

-

-

Comorbidity

Hypertension

1.24 (1.06–1.44)

0.007

1 (0.81–1.23)

0.999

Diabetes

0.96 (0.75–1.22)

0.720

-

-

Stroke

1.54 (0.95–2.49)

0.077

-

-

Myocardial infarction

1.32 (0.91–1.91)

0.144

-

-

Arthritis

2.14 (1.75–2.62)

< 0.001

1.34 (0.98–1.82)

0.065

Health behavior

Smoking ^b

Never smoker

1

1

Former

0.76 (0.63–0.91)

0.003

1.33 (0.98–1.81)

0.063

Current

0.70 (0.55–0.89)

0.004

1.24 (0.86–1.79)

0.250

Alcohol consumption, more than once per month

0.69 (0.57–0.83)

< 0.001

0.85 (0.69–1.04)

0.118

Sleep hours

≤5 h

1.55 (1.23–1.96)

< 0.001

1.05 (0.78–1.42)

0.733

≤ 6 h

1.01 (0.80–1.29)

0.918

0.97 (0.73–1.27)

0.797

≤ 7 h

1

1

≤8 h

1.23 (0.93–1.62)

0.145

1.29 (0.94–1.75)

0.109

≥9 h

1.23 (0.92–1.66)

0.165

0.75 (0.45–1.28)

0.290

Functional status

Limited functional status due to visual acuity

No limitation

1

1

Limitation due to visual acuity

1.73 (0.51–5.83)

0.373

0.54 (0.13–2.3)

0.401

Limitation but no due to visual acuity

2.34 (1.87–2.93)

< 0.001

1.19 (0.83–1.69)

0.345

Activity of daily living

No difficulties in ADL

1

1

Partial difficulties in ADL

2.81 (2.11–3.75)

0.030

1.29 (0.81–2.03)

0.278

Cannot do ADL

3.51 (1.13–10.89)

< 0.001

1.76 (0.34–9.21)

0.501

Psychological variable

Stress

None

1

1

Little

1.17 (0.93–1.46)

0.173

1.48 (1.09–2.01)

0.014

Much

1.83 (1.40–2.39)

< 0.001

1.99 (1.4–2.85)

< 0.001

Very much

1.53 (1.01–2.31)

0.044

1.14 (0.69–1.9)

0.599

Anxiety/Depression

None

1

1

Much

2.58 (1.97–3.37)

<,001

1.26 (0.88–1.81)

0.209

Very much

3.00 (1.16–7.76)

0.024

0.74 (0.19–2.92)

0.660

Depression (PHQ-9 total score)

1.11 (1.08–1.14)

< 0.001

1.08 (1.04–1.12)

< 0.001