Table 4 Logistic regression analysis results for chronic dizziness among individuals with dizziness experience (n = 1,102)

Demographic data

Age

40–49

1

1

50–59

1.15 (0.60–2.21)

0.673

1.19 (0.58–2.42)

0.638

60–69

1.32 (0.68–2.57)

0.409

1.14 (0.54–2.4)

0.727

70–79

1.84 (1.00-3.39)

0.050

1.45 (0.65–3.25)

0.364

≥ 80

2.58 (1.35–4.94)

0.004

1.55 (0.61–3.9)

0.353

Sex

Male

1

1

Female

1.51 (1.03–2.22)

0.034

1.28 (0.83–1.99)

0.262

Household income

Lower

1.72 (0.89–3.31)

0.107

-

-

Lower-middle

1.35 (0.68–2.68)

0.396

-

-

Upper-middle

0.63 (0.27–1.47)

0.279

-

-

Upper

1

-

-

Education

Elementary school and below

1.94 (1.05–3.58)

0.035

1.01 (0.46–2.21)

0.989

Middle school

1.68 (0.80–3.55)

0.172

1.01 (0.44–2.3)

0.983

High school

1.35 (0.71–2.56)

0.360

0.97 (0.49–1.91)

0.925

University or above

1

1

Otologic examination

Tympanic abnormality

1.76 (1.03-3.00)

0.038

2.08 (1.07–4.04)

0.030

Physical examination

waist circumference

<cut off

1

-

-

≥cut off

0.93 (0.65–1.32)

0.668

-

-

Serum TG level

<150 mg/dL

1

-

-

≥150 mg/dL

0.81 (0.52–1.25)

0.340

-

-

Serum HDL level

>cut off

1

-

-

≤cut off

1.10 (0.75–1.63)

0.616

-

-

Comorbidity

Hypertension

1.59 (1.13–2.24)

0.008

1.19 (0.76–1.87)

0.440

Diabetes

2.25 (1.49–3.41)

< 0.001

2.4 (1.44–4.02)

0.001

Stroke

1.51 (0.70–3.27)

0.292

-

-

Myocardial infarction

1.52 (0.77–2.98)

0.225

-

-

Arthritis

1.92 (1.27–2.91)

0.002

1.26 (0.76–2.11)

0.373

Health behavior

Smoking

Never smoker

1

-

-

Former

0.72 (0.46–1.12)

0.141

-

-

Current

0.81 (0.45–1.46)

0.481

-

-

Alcohol consumption, more than once per month

0.79 (0.52–1.20)

0.269

-

-

Sleep hours

≤5 h

2.62 (1.58–4.34)

< 0.001

1.92 (1.03–3.58)

0.040

≤ 6 h

1.06 (0.58–1.91)

0.857

1.03 (0.54–1.96)

0.923

≤ 7 h

1

1

≤8 h

1.65 (0.74–3.67)

0.221

1.6 (0.71–3.59)

0.255

≥9 h

4.40 (2.27–8.55)

< 0.001

0.74 (0.22–2.48)

0.624

Functional status

Limited functional status due to visual acuity

No limitation

1

1

Limitation due to visual acuity

2.59 (0.2923.32)

0.394

0.94 (0.16–5.48)

0.948

Limitation but no due to visual acuity

1.71 (1.07–2.74)

0.026

0.76 (0.41–1.4)

0.375

Activity of daily living

No difficulties in ADL

1

1

Partial difficulties in ADL

2.01 (1.22–3.33)

0.007

1.17 (0.62–2.2)

0.621

Cannot do ADL

3.29 (0.70–5.43)

0.130

0.67 (0.09–5.04)

0.694

Psychological variable

Stress

None

1

1

Little

1.21 (0.73-2.00)

0.465

1.41 (0.77–2.58)

0.263

Much

2.21 (1.22–4.01)

0.009

2.31 (1.14–4.68)

0.021

Very much

2.49 (1.06–5.86)

0.037

2.12 (0.7–6.48)

0.185

Anxiety/Depression

None

1

-

-

Much

1.18 (0.71–1.96)

0.524

-

-

Very much

3.36 (0.9112.49)

0.070

-

-

Depression (PHQ-9 total score)

1.11 (1.07–1.15)

< 0.001

1.07 (1.02–1.12)

0.003