Fig. 1

Differences in systemic inflammatory biomarkers in schizophrenia and controls and changes following ECT. Data was expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). a PLT was significantly elevated in schizophrenia compared to healthy controls (HCs) but remained stable following ECT. b Neutrophils was significantly elevated in schizophrenia and reduced following ECT. c Lymphocytes showed no differences between schizophrenia and HCs and kept stable following ECT. d Monocytes were significantly elevated in schizophrenia and decreased following ECT. e the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was significantly higher in schizophrenia and reduced following ECT. f the PLT-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) was elevated in schizophrenia, while demonstrated no differences following ECT. g the monocytes- to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR) was higher in schizophrenia and significantly downregulated following ECT. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001