Table 4 Moderation analysis taking each temperament as an independent variable, psychological distress as a moderator and dark future as the dependent variable

Model 1: Depressive temperament as an independent variable

 Depressive temperament

0.54

6.47

< 0.001

0.38; 0.71

 Psychological distress

0.34

2.84

0.005

0.11; 0.58

 Interaction depressive temperament by psychological distress

− 0.01

-1.53

0.127

− 0.02; 0.002

Model 2: Cyclothymic temperament as an independent variable

 Cyclothymic temperament

0.48

6.83

< 0.001

0.34; 0.62

 Psychological distress

0.23

1.66

0.098

− 0.04; 0.51

 Interaction cyclothymic temperament by psychological distress

− 0.003

− 0.54

0.590

− 0.01; 0.01

Model 3: Hyperthymic temperament as an independent variable

 Hyperthymic temperament

0.19

2.19

0.029

0.02; 0.37

 Psychological distress

0.79

4.17

< 0.001

0.42; 1.17

 Interaction hyperthymic temperament by psychological distress

− 0.01

-1.53

0.126

− 0.03; 0.003

Model 4: Irritable temperament as an independent variable

 Irritable temperament

0.23

2.55

0.011

0.05; 0.41

 Psychological distress

0.77

6.68

< 0.001

0.54; 0.99

 Interaction irritable temperament by psychological distress

− 0.02

-2.70

0.007

− 0.03; − 0.01*

Model 5: Anxious temperament as an independent variable

 Anxious temperament

0.40

4.84

< 0.001

0.24; 0.57

 Psychological distress

0.64

5.07

< 0.001

0.39; 0.89

 Interaction anxious temperament by psychological distress

− 0.02

-2.60

0.010

− 0.03; − 0.004*