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Table 1 A univariate comparison of patient characteristics with and without dysphagia

From: Does ICU admission dysphagia independently contribute to delirium risk in ischemic stroke patients? Results from a cohort study

Variable

Overall (n = 1838)

Without dysphagia (n = 1594)

Dysphagia (n = 244)

P-value

General characteristics

Age (years old)

70 (60, 81)

69 (59, 80)

75 (65, 85)

< 0.001*

Sex(%)

   

0.261

Male

909 (49.5)

797 (50.0)

112 (45.9)

 

Female

929 (50.5)

797 (50.0)

132 (54.1)

 

Race (%)

   

0.771

White

1262 (68.7)

1092 (68.5)

170 (69.7)

 

Others&

576 (31.3)

502 (31.5)

74 (30.3)

 

Language (%)

   

0.491

English

1682 (91.5)

1462 (91.7)

220 (90.2)

 

Unknown

156 (8.5)

132 (8.3)

24 (9.8)

 

Weight (kg)

77.0 (64.8, 91.0)

77.3 (65.0, 92.0)

74.9 (62.5, 87.1)

0.032*

Hospital LOS (days)

6.2 (3.4, 12.3)

6.0 (3.3, 11.9)

7.2 (4.6, 13.6)

0.001*

ICU LOS (hours)

59.52 (36.00, 119.46)

58.08 (35.76, 117.30)

66.96 (38.82, 129.06)

0.106

Scores

GCS

14 (11, 15)

14 (12, 15)

12 (9, 14)

< 0.001*

SOFA

3 (1, 5)

3 (1, 5)

4 (2, 6)

< 0.001*

Braden score

16 (14, 18)

16 (15, 18)

15.00 (13, 16)

< 0.001*

Comorbidities or neurological symptoms

Myocardial infarct (%)

   

0.862

Yes

313 (17.0)

270 (16.9)

43 (17.6)

 

No

1525 (83.0)

1324 (83.1)

201 (82.4)

 

Congestive heart failure (%)

   

0.172

Yes

466 (25.4)

395 (24.8)

71 (29.1)

 

No

1372 (74.6)

1199 (75.2)

173 (70.9)

 

Dementia (%)

   

< 0.001*

Yes

97 (5.3)

61 (3.8)

36 (14.8)

 

No

1741 (94.7)

1533 (96.2)

208 (85.2)

 

Chronic pulmonary disease (%)

   

0.411

Yes

367 (20.0)

313 (19.6)

54 (22.1)

 

No

1471 (80.0)

1281 (80.4)

190 (77.9)

 

Rheumatic disease (%)

   

0.959

Yes

63 (3.4)

54 (3.4)

9 (3.7)

 

No

1775 (96.6)

1540 (96.6)

235 (96.3)

 

Mild liver disease (%)

   

0.464

Yes

78 (4.2)

65 (4.1)

13 (5.3)

 

No

1760 (95.8)

1529 (95.9)

231 (94.7)

 

Diabetes (%)

   

0.863

Yes

560 (30.5)

484 (30.4)

76 (31.1)

 

No

1278 (69.5)

1110 (69.6)

168 (68.9)

 

Renal disease (%)

   

0.056

Yes

337 (18.3)

281 (17.6)

56 (23.0)

 

No

1501 (81.7)

1313 (82.4)

188 (77.0)

 

Malignant cancer (%)

   

0.087

Yes

142 (7.7)

116 (7.3)

26 (10.7)

 

No

1696 (92.3)

1478 (92.7)

218 (89.3)

 

Severe liver disease (%)

   

0.179

Yes

19 (1.0)

14 (0.9)

5 (2.0)

 

No

1819 (99.0)

1580 (99.1)

239 (98.0)

 

Atrial fibrillation (%)

   

0.119

Yes

587 (31.9)

498 (31.2)

89 (36.5)

 

No

1251 (68.1)

1096 (68.8)

155 (63.5)

 

Hypertension (%)

   

0.079

Yes

966 (52.6)

851 (53.4)

115 (47.1)

 

No

872 (47.4)

743 (46.6)

129 (52.9)

 

Sepsis (%)

   

0.008*

Yes

584 (31.8)

488 (30.6)

96 (39.3)

 

No

1254 (68.2)

1106 (69.4)

148 (60.7)

 

Depression (%)

   

0.873

Yes

228 (12.4)

199 (12.5)

29 (11.9)

 

No

1610 (87.6)

1395 (87.5)

215 (88.1)

 

Malnutrition (%)

   

0.009*

Yes

109 (5.9)

85 (5.3)

24 (9.8)

 

No

1729 (94.1)

1509 (94.7)

220 (90.2)

 

Dehydration (%)

   

0.009*

Yes

201 (10.9)

162 (10.2)

39 (16.0)

 

No

1637 (89.1)

1432 (89.8)

205 (84.0)

 

History of falls (%)

   

0.002*

Yes

480 (26.1)

396 (24.8)

84 (34.4)

 

No

1358 (73.9)

1198 (75.2)

160 (65.6)

 

History of stroke (%)

   

< 0.001*

Yes

133 (7.2)

99 (6.2)

34 (13.9)

 

No

1705 (92.8)

1495 (93.8)

210 (86.1)

 

Visual or hearing deficit (%)

   

< 0.001*

Yes

917 (49.9)

761 (47.7)

156 (63.9)

 

No

921 (50.1)

833 (52.3)

88 (36.1)

 

Aphasic (%)

   

< 0.001

Yes

284 (15.5)

215 (13.5)

69 (28.3)

 

No

1554 (84.5)

1379 (86.5)

175 (71.7)

 

Laboratory parameters

White blood cell (K/uL)

9.6 (7.3, 12.6)

9.6 (7.3, 12.5)

9.7 (7.3, 13.8)

0.323

Potassium (mEq/L)

4.1 (3.8, 4.4)

4.1 (3.8, 4.4)

4.1 (3.8, 4.4)

0.781

Sodium (mEq/L)

139 (137, 141)

139 (137, 141)

140 (137, 142)

0.002*

Glucose (mg/dL)

123.0 (102.0, 157.0)

123.0 (101.0, 158.0)

120.0 (104.0, 152.5)

0.725

Albumin (g/dL)

3.8 (3.4, 4.1)

3.8 (3.4, 4.2)

3.6 (3.1, 4.0)

< 0.001*

Treatment and drugs

Enteral nutrition (%)

   

< 0.001*

Yes

371 (20.2)

287 (18.0)

84 (34.4)

 

No

1467 (79.8)

1307 (82.0)

160 (65.6)

 

Mechanical thrombectomy (%)

   

0.233

Yes

244 (13.3)

218 (13.7)

26 (10.7)

 

No

1594 (86.7)

1376 (86.3)

218 (89.3)

 

Alteplase (%)

   

0.793

Yes

154 (8.4)

132 (8.3)

22 (9.0)

 

No

1684 (91.6)

1462 (91.7)

222 (91.0)

 

RRT (%)

   

>0.999

Yes

85 (4.6)

74 (4.6)

11 (4.5)

 

No

1753 (95.4)

1520 (95.4)

233 (95.5)

 

Sedatives^ (%)

   

0.024*

Yes

562 (30.6)

503 (31.6)

59 (24.2)

 

No

1276 (69.4)

1091 (68.4)

185 (75.8)

 

IMV (%)

   

0.214

Yes

367 (20.0)

326 (20.5)

41 (16.8)

 

No

1471 (80.0)

1268 (79.5)

203 (83.2)

 

Outcomes

Delirium (%)

   

< 0.001*

Yes

798 (43.4)

650 (40.8)

148 (60.7)

 

No

1040 (56.6)

944 (59.2)

96 (39.3)

 

Pressure injury (%)

   

< 0.001*

Yes

208 (11.3)

158 (9.9)

50 (20.5)

 

No

1630 (88.7)

1436 (90.1)

194 (79.5)

 

Urinary tract infection (%)

   

< 0.001*

Yes

300 (16.3)

240 (15.1)

60 (24.6)

 

No

1538 (83.7)

1354 (84.9)

184 (75.4)

 

Aspiration pneumonia (%)

   

< 0.001*

Yes

139 (7.6)

100 (6.3)

39 (16.0)

 

No

1699 (92.4)

1494 (93.7)

205 (84.0)

 

30-day mortality (%)

   

< 0.001*

Alive

1587 (86.3)

1396 (87.6)

191 (78.3)

 

Expired

251 (13.7)

198 (12.4)

53 (21.7)

 

360-day mortality (%)

   

< 0.001*

Alive

1376 (74.9)

1229 (77.1)

147 (60.2)

 

Expired

462 (25.1)

365 (22.9)

97 (39.8)

 
  1. Median and interquartile range (25th and 75th percentiles) were computed for continuous variables, and frequencies and percentages were computed for categorical variables
  2. The Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to compare group differences for continuous variables and chi-square tests were used to compare those of categorical variables
  3. Abbreviations: LOS: Length of Stay; GCS: Glasgow Coma Score; SOFA: Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; RRT: Renal Replacement Therapy; IMV: Invasive Mechanical Ventilation
  4. Note: &Other mainly included Black, Hispanic, Asian, etc
  5. ^Sedatives mainly included benzodiazepines, propofol and dexmedetomidine
  6. *Significant difference between patients with dementia with dysphagia and without dysphagia (p < 0.05)
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BMC Psychiatry

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