Association between dietary sugar intake and depression in US adults: a cross-sectional study using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011–2018

Table 2 Associations of the dietary sugar intake with depression (N = 18,439)

	Crude Model		Model 1a		Model 2b		Model 3c
	OR (95% CI)	p-value	OR (95% CI)	p-value	OR (95% CI)	p-value	OR (95% CI)	p-value
Per 100 g/day	1.17 (1.10,1.24)	< 0.001	1.23 (1.16,1.30)	< 0.001	1.17 (1.10,1.25)	< 0.001	1.28 (1.17,1.40)	< 0.001
Quartiles
Q1 (sugar: < 57.47 g/d)	Reference [1]		Reference [1]		Reference [1]		Reference [1]
Q2 (sugar: ≥ 57.47 to < 93.42 g/d)	0.78 (0.67,0.90)	< 0.001	0.76 (0.66,0.89)	< 0.001	0.82 (0.70,0.96)	0.014	0.87 (0.73,1.03)	0.096
Q3 (sugar: ≥ 93.42 to < 141.76 g/d)	0.83 (0.71,0.95)	0.010	0.84 (0.72,0.97)	0.018	0.91 (0.78,1.06)	0.236	1.01 (0.85,1.20)	0.945
Q4 (≥ 141.76 g/d)	1.11 (0.97,1.27)	0.144	1.21 (1.05,1.39)	0.008	1.21 (1.04,1.41)	0.013	1.33 (1.10,1.61)	0.003
p for trend	0.012		< 0.001		< 0.001		< 0.001

^aModel 1: Adjusted for age, sex, and race/ethnicity
^bModel 2: Adjusted for the variables in Model 1 plus poverty-income ratio, educational level, and marital status
^cModel 3: Adjusted for variables in Model 2 plus hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, drinking status, smoking status, physical activity, and energy intake

ISSN: 1471-244X