Table 3 Characteristic of patients with lithium-induced chronic kidney disease and non-chronic kidney disease
Characteristics of patients | Number (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
CKD N = 6 | Non-CKD N = 301 | ||
Diagnosis | |||
Bipolar disorder | 4 (66.7) | 178 (59.1) | |
Schizoaffective disorder | 1 (16.7) | 32 (10.6) | |
Cyclothymia | 1 (16.7) | 12 (4.0) | |
Other | 0 (0.0) | 79 (26.2) | |
History of psychiatric hospitalization | |||
No | 1 (16.7) | 195 (64.7) | |
Yes | 5 (83.3) | 106 (35.2) | |
Age onset of lithium therapy (year) | |||
≤ 20 | 0 (0.0) | 69 (22.9) | |
21–30 | 1 (16.7) | 98 (32.6) | |
31–40 | 0 (0.0) | 57 (18.9) | |
41–50 | 3 (50.0) | 38 (12.6) | |
51–60 | 2 (33.3) | 27 (9.0) | |
> 60 | 0 (0.0) | 12 (4.0) | |
Median (IQR) | 45.5 (44.0–51.5) | 28 (21.0–41.0) | |
Dose of lithium usage (milligram/day) | |||
300 | 2 (33.3) | 68 (22.6) | |
600 | 1 (16.7) | 139 (46.2) | |
900 | 3 (50.0) | 75 (24.9) | |
1200 | 0 (0.0) | 16 (5.3) | |
1500 | 0 (0.0) | 3 (1.0) | |
Serum level of lithium (mEq/L) | |||
< 0.6 | 0 (0.0) | 82 (27.2) | |
0.6–1.2 | 2 (33.3) | 58 (19.3) | |
1.3–1.5 | 1 (16.7) | 5 (16.6) | |
> 1.5 | 2 (33.3) | 3 (1.0) | |
Not available | 1 (16.7) | 153 (50.8) | |
Duration of lithium therapy (year) | |||
< 1 | 0 (0.0) | 86 (28.6) | |
1–5 | 1 (16.7) | 106 (35.2) | |
6–10 | 1 (16.7) | 44 (14.6) | |
> 10 | 4 (66.7) | 65 (21.6) | |
Median (IQR) | 12.5 (6.8–14.8) | 2.9 (0.9–8.4) | |
Presence of lithium side effects | |||
Tremor | 3 (50.0) | 31 (10.2) | |
Nausea / vomiting | 0 (0.0) | 20 (6.6) | |
Dysarthria | 1(16.7) | 2 (0.6) | |
Other | 0 (0.0) | 13 (4.3) | |
Presence of lithium intoxication | |||
No | 4 (66.7) | 295 (98.0) | |
Yes | 2 (33.3) | 6 (2.0) | |
Receiving nephrotoxic medication | |||
No | 6 (100.0) | 233 (77.4) | |
Yes | 0 (0.0) | 68 (22.6) | |
Presence of physical illness | |||
No | 1 (16.7) | 228 (75.7) | |
Yes | 5 (83.3) | 73 (24.3) | |