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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study patients according to the states of depressive symptoms

From: Association between handgrip strength and depressive symptoms in patients undergoing hemodialysis: a cross-sectional study from a single Chinese center

Characteristics

All patients (568)

Depressive symptoms

p-value

Non depression group

(n = 375)

Depression group

(n = 193)

Demographics

    

 Age (years)

59 (49–67)

58 (49–67)

60 (47–67)

0.773

 Male (n, %)

359 (63.20)

246 (65.60)

113 (58.55)

0.099

 Time on dialysis (months)

50 (22–104)

48 (21–105)

56 (25–103)

0.386

 BMI (kg/m2)

23.91 (21.48–26.35)

23.88 (21.64–26.51)

23.96 (21.42–26.21)

0.579

 Physical activity (MET/min/week)

489 (0−1386)

594 (0−1386)

264 (0−897)

< 0.001

 Primary kidney disease (n, %)

   

0.811

  Diabetic nephropathy

179 (31.51)

113 (30.13)

66 (34.20)

 

  Glomerulonephritis

210 (36.97)

142 (37.87)

68 (35.23)

 

  Hypertensive benign renal arteriosclerosis

70 (12.32)

49 (13.07)

21 (10.88)

 

  Polycystic kidney

37 (6.51)

25 (6.67)

12 (6.22)

 

  Others

72 (12.68)

46 (12.27)

26 (13.47)

 

 Educational level (n, %)

   

0.057

  Junior secondary or below

259 (45.60)

177 (47.20)

82 (42.49)

 

  Senior high school/technical secondary school

173 (30.46)

102 (27.20)

71 (36.79)

 

  Junior college/university or above

136 (23.94)

96 (25.60)

40 (20.73)

 

 Marital status (n, %)

   

0.002

  Unmarried

56 (9.86)

29 (7.73)

27 (13.99)

 

  Married

436 (76.76)

306 (81.60)

130 (67.36)

 

  Divorced

39 (6.87)

22 (5.87)

17 (8.81)

 

  Widowed

37 (6.51)

18 (4.80)

19 (9.84)

 

 Annual family income (RMB thousand yuan), (n, %)

   

0.039

  < 50

169 (29.75)

101 (26.93)

68 (35.23)

 

  50 to < 100

259 (45.60)

171 (45.60)

88 (45.60)

 

  ≥ 100

140 (24.65)

103 (27.47)

37 (19.17)

 

 Current or former smoker, (n, %)

259 (45.60)

174 (46.40)

85 (44.04)

0.593

 Current or former drinker, (n, %)

211 (37.15)

140 (37.33)

71 (36.79)

0.899

 Co-morbid conditions, (n, %)

   

0.084

  Diabetes

225 (39.61)

152 (40.53)

73 (37.82)

 

  Hypertension

476 (83.80)

321 (85.60)

155 (80.31)

 

  CVD

332 (58.45)

228 (60.80)

104 (53.89)

 

Laboratory parameters

    

 Hemoglobin (g/L)

114 (106–122)

113 (105–122)

115 (107–123)

0.506

 Albumin (g/L)

41.70 ± 2.96

41.81 ± 2.85

41.47 ± 3.16

0.194

 Calcium (mmol/L)

2.14 (2.03–2.25)

2.13 (2.03–2.25)

2.14 (2.03–2.25)

0.865

 Phosphorus (mmol/L)

2.04 (1.69–2.46)

2.05 (1.69–2.45)

2.03 (1.68–2.47)

0.828

 Creatinine (µmol/L)

925 (776–1087)

929 (784–1099)

898 (768–1068)

0.098

 C-reactive protein (mg/L)

3.30 (3.30–6.84)

3.30 (3.30–6.51)

3.30 (3.30–7.25)

0.460

 Ferritin (mg/L)

96.28 (44.84−176.78)

94.66 (43.09–170.90)

102.67 (50.53–184.70)

0.203

 Urea nitrogen (mmol/L)

28.48 (24.65–32.89)

28.88 (24.59–33.80)

27.99 (24.67–32.11)

0.072

 spKt/Vurea

1.32 (1.17–1.49)

1.32 (1.16–1.48)

1.32 (1.18–1.50)

0.540

Handgrip strength

    

 Absolute handgrip strength (kg)

23.30 (18.70–28.70)

24.40 (19.50–30.40)

20.80 (17.80–26.00)

< 0.001

 Weighted handgrip strength (kg/kg)

0.34 (0.27–0.43)

0.35 (0.28–0.44)

0.31 (0.26–0.40)

0.001

  1. Data presented as mean ± SD (standard deviation) or median (quartile1- quartile3) (continuous variables) or number (%) (categorical variables);
  2. Abbreviations: MET, metabolic equivalents of task; BMI: Body mass index; spKt/Vurea, Single-pool Kt/Vurea;
  3. p-values were determined with Students t tests or the Mann-Whitney U tests for continuous variables, and the chi-square tests for categorical variables
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BMC Psychiatry

ISSN: 1471-244X

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