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Table 3 The mean (95% CI) values of Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire (PARQ) scores according to maternal, family and children’s characteristics*

From: Which factors accompany maternal acceptance-rejection in children with specific learning disabilities?

 

Total (n)

W/A

p

HA

p

I/N

p

UR

p

T-PARQ

p

Control

p

Children’s age

  

0.983

 

0.710

 

0.614

 

0.770

 

0.962

 

0.639

 

< 10 yr

112

30.4 (28.9–32.0)

 

26.0 (24.7–27.4)

 

22.7 (21.6–23.9)

 

16.4 (15.5–17.3)

 

95.5 (91.4–99.8)

 

41.0 (40.1–41.9)

 
 

≥ 10 yr

154

30.4 (29.1–31.7)

 

25.7 (24.6–26.8)

 

23.1 (22.1–24.1)

 

16.2 (15.5–17.0)

 

95.4 (91.9–99.0)

 

40.7 (39.9–41.4)

 

Children’s gender

  

0.918

 

0.825

 

0.522

 

0.991

 

0.831

 

0.111

 

Male

164

30.4 (29.2–31.7)

 

25.7 (24.7–26.8)

 

22.7 (21.8–23.7)

 

16.3 (15.6–17.1)

 

95.2 (91.8–98.7)

 

40.4 (39.7–41.2)

 
 

Female

102

30.3 (28.8–31.9)

 

25.9 (24.6–27.4)

 

23.2 (22.0-24.5)

 

16.3 (15.4–17.3)

 

95.8 (91.5-100.3)

 

41.4 (40.5–42.3)

 

Maternal age at the birth of index child

  

0.737

 

0.436

 

0.782

 

0.904

 

0.966

 

0.487

 

< 21 yr

45

30.1 (27.9–32.6)

 

26.3 (24.3–28.5)

 

23.2 (21.4–25.2)

 

16.3 (15.0-17.8)

 

96.0 (89.6-102.8)

 

41.4 (40.0-42.8)

 
 

21–30 yr

168

30.2 (29.0-31.5)

 

26.0 (24.9–27.1)

 

22.7 (21.8–23.7)

 

16.2 (15.5–17.0)

 

95.2 (91.8–98.6)

 

40.8 (40.1–41.5)

 
 

> 30 yr

53

31.2 (29.0-33.5)

 

24.7 (23.0-26.6)

 

23.3 (21.6–25.1)

 

16.6 (15.3–17.9)

 

95.8 (89.9-102.1)

 

40.3 (39.0-41.5)

 

Maternal education

  

0.339

 

0.696

 

0.076

 

0.723

 

0.283

 

0.230

 

< 8 yr

146

30.9 (29.4–32.3)

 

26.0 (24.7–27.2)

 

23.6 (22.5–24.7)

 

16.4 (15.6–17.3)

 

96.8 (93.0-100.7)

 

41.1 (40.4–41.9)

 
 

≥ 8 yr

120

29.8 (28.2–31.4)

 

25.6 (24.3–27.0)

 

22.1 (20.9–23.3)

 

16.2 (15.3–17.1)

 

93.7 (89.5–98.0)

 

40.4 (39.641.3)

 

Maternal depression

  

0.013

 

0.661

 

0.150

 

0.856

 

0.303

 

0.932

 

No

246

30.7 (29.7–31.7)

 

25.8 (24.9–26.7)

 

23.1 (22.3–23.9)

 

16.3 (15.7–16.9)

 

95.8 (93.0-98.7)

 

40.8 (40.2–41.4)

 
 

Yes

20

26.6 (23.7–29.9)

 

26.5 (23.5–29.9)

 

21.1 (18.7–23.8)

 

16.5 (14.5–18.8)

 

90.7 (81.8-100.5)

 

40.9 (38.8–43.0)

 

Family types

  

0.572

 

0.575

 

0.311

 

0.284

 

0.359

 

0.082

 

Two parents

195

30.2 (28.9–31.5)

 

25.7 (24.6–26.7)

 

22.7 (21.7–23.6)

 

16.1 (15.4–16.8)

 

94.6 (91.3–98.0)

 

41.1 (40.5–41.8)

 
 

Extended family or single parent

71

30.9 (28.8–33.0)

 

26.2 (24.5–28.0)

 

23.6 (22.0-25.2)

 

16.9 (15.7–18.1)

 

97.6 (92.1-103.2)

 

40.0 (38.9–41.1)

 

Family income

  

0.004

 

0.017

 

< 0.001

 

0.001

 

< 0.001

 

0.638

 

< 200 $

51

33.5 (31.2–36.1)

 

28.1 (26.0-30.3)

 

26.0 (24.1–28.0)

 

18.5 (17.1–20.0)

 

106.1 (99.6–113.0)

 

40.5 (39.2–41.8)

 
 

≥ 200 $

215

29.7 (28.6–30.7)

 

25.3 (24.4–26.2)

 

22.2 (21.4–23.0)

 

15.8 (15.2–16.4)

 

92.9 (90.1–95.8)

 

40.9 (40.2–41.5)

 

Birth type

  

0.424

 

0.462

 

0.888

 

0.714

 

0.626

 

0.984

 

Vaginal

169

30.1 (28.9–31.3)

 

25.6 (24.5–26.7)

 

22.9 (21.9–23.9)

 

16.4 (15.7–17.1)

 

94.9 (91.6–98.3)

 

40.8 (40.1–41.5)

 
 

C/S

97

30.9 (29.3–32.6)

 

26.2 (24.8–27.7)

 

23.0 (21.8–24.3)

 

16.2 (15.2–17.2)

 

96.3 (91.9-100.9)

 

40.8 (39.9–41.8)

 

Birth weight and week

  

0.444

 

0.931

 

0.547

 

0.683

 

0.600

 

0.969

 

< 2500 gr and/or < 38 wk

60

29.6 (27.3–31.9)

 

25.9 (24.0-27.8)

 

22.5 (20.7–24.2)

 

16.1 (14.8–17.4)

 

94.0 (88.0-100.0)

 

40.8 (39.6–42.0)

 
 

Normal wk and weight

206

30.6 (29.4–31.9)

 

25.8 (24.8–26.8)

 

23.1 (22.2–24.0)

 

16.4 (15.7–17.1)

 

95.8 (92.6–99.1)

 

40.8 (40.2–41.5)

 

Breastfeeding duration

  

0.761

 

0.150

 

0.118

 

0.210

 

0.285

 

0.949

 

< 12 mo

99

30.2 (28.7–31.8)

 

26.6 (25.2–28.1)

 

23.7 (22.5–25.0)

 

16.8 (15.8–17.8)

 

97.4 (93.0-102.0)

 

40.8 (39.8–41.7)

 
 

≥ 12 mo

167

30.5 (29.3–31.8)

 

25.3 (24.3–26.4)

 

22.4 (21.5–23.4)

 

16.0 (15.3–16.8)

 

94.3 (91.0-97.7)

 

40.8 (40.1–41.6)

 

Hospitalization history

  

0.984

 

0.965

 

0.611

 

0.884

 

0.864

 

0.635

 

No

233

30.4 (29.4–31.5)

 

25.8 (24.9–26.8)

 

22.8 (22.0-23.7)

 

16.3 (15.7–16.9)

 

95.3 (92.5–98.3)

 

40.8 (40.1–41.4)

 
 

Yes

33

30.4 (27.8–33.3)

 

25.8 (23.4–28.3)

 

23.5 (21.3–25.8)

 

16.4 (14.8–18.2)

 

96.1 (88.7-104.1)

 

41.2 (39.6–42.8)

 

School achievement

  

0.079

 

0.881

 

0.916

 

0.635

 

0.823

 

0.007

 

Unsuccessful

116

29.7 (28.3–31.2)

 

26.0 (24.7–27.3)

 

22.9 (21.8–24.1)

 

16.6 (15.6–17.3)

 

95.3 (91.3–99.4)

 

41.8 (41.0-42.7)a

 
 

Middle

102

31.8 (30.2–33.5)

 

25.5 (24.2–26.9)

 

23.0 (21.8–24.3)

 

16.0 (15.1–16.9)

 

96.3 (92.0-100.9)

 

39.9 (39.0-40.8)b

 
 

Good

48

29.1 (27.0-31.3)

 

26.0 (24.0-28.1)

 

22.6 (20.9–24.4)

 

16.3 (15.0-17.8)

 

93.9 (87.9-100.4)

 

40.4 (39.0-41.7)ab

 

Brother/sister with SLD

  

0.250

 

0.221

 

0.110

 

0.524

 

0.157

 

0.652

 

Healthy brother/sister

194

30.3 (29.2–31.4)

 

25.5 (24.5–26.5)

 

22.6 (21.8–23.5)

 

16.1 (15.5–16.8)

 

94.5 (91.4–97.6)

 

40.7 (40.1–41.4)

 
 

Brother/sister having SLD

56

31.6 (29.4–33.8)

 

27.3 (25.4–29.3)

 

24.4 (22.7–26.2)

 

17.0 (15.7–18.4)

 

100.2 (94.3-106.5)

 

40.8 (38.6–42.1)

 
 

Singleton

16

28.0 (24.6–31.9)

 

24.8 (21.7–28.4)

 

21.2 (18.5–24.2)

 

16.1 (13.9–18.7)

 

90.1 (80.4–101.0)

 

41.9 (39.5–44.2)

 

Parental smoking

  

0.526

 

< 0.001

 

0.010

 

0.002

 

0.004

 

0.850

 

No

102

30.0 (28.5–31.6)

 

23.7 (22.5–25.0)

 

21.7 (20.6–22.9)

 

15.2 (14.3–16.1)

 

90.6 (86.6–94.7)

 

40.9 (40.0-41.8)

 
 

Yes

164

30.6 (29.4–31.9)

 

27.1 (26.0-28.3)

 

23.7 (22.7–24.7)

 

17.0 (16.3–17.8)

 

98.5 (95.0-102.0)

 

40.8 (40.0-41.5)

 

Dyslexia

  

0.868

 

0.950

 

0.860

 

0.528

 

0.916

 

0.351

 

Absence

80

30.5 (28.8–32.4)

 

25.9 (24.3–27.5)

 

22.8 (21.5–24.2)

 

16.0 (15.0-17.1)

 

95.2 (90.4-100.2)

 

40.4 (39.3–41.5)

 
 

Presence

186

30.3 (29.2–31.5)

 

25.8 (24.8–26.8)

 

23.0 (22.1–23.9)

 

16.4 (15.7–17.1)

 

95.5 (92.4–98.8)

 

41.0 (40.3–41.7

 

Dysgraphia

  

0.291

 

0.010

 

< 0.001

 

0.001

 

0.001

 

0.213

 

Absence

64

29.5 (27.6–31.5)

 

23.9 (22.4–25.6)

 

20.0 (18.7–21.4)

 

14.7 (13.7–15.8)

 

88.1 (83.2–93.2)

 

40.2 (39.0-41.4)

 
 

Presence

202

30.7 (29.6–31.8)

 

26.4 (25.4–27.4)

 

23.8 (23.0-24.7)

 

16.8 (16.2–17.5)

 

97.8 (94.7-100.9)

 

41.0 (40.3–41.7)

 

Dyscalculia

  

0.734

 

0.265

 

0.646

 

0.271

 

0.563

 

0.713

 

Absence

23

31.0 (27.8–34.5)

 

24.3 (21.7–27.2)

 

22.3 (20.0–25.0)

 

15.3 (13.6–17.3)

 

92.9 (84.4-102.3)

 

41.2 (39.2–43.2)

 
 

Presence

243

30.3 (29.3–31.4)

 

26.0 (25.1–26.9)

 

23.0 (22.2–23.8)

 

16.4 (15.8–17.0)

 

95.7 (92.9–98.5)

 

40.8 (40.2–41.4)

 
  1. *Generalized linear models
  2. abDifferent superscripts denote significant differences between values
  3. W/A: Warmth/ Affection, H/A: Hostility/Agression, I/N: Indifference/ Neglect, UR: Undifferentiated Rejection; T-PARQ: Total PARQ, SC: Strict control, SLD: specific learning disability
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