Table 5 Multivariate analysis for determinants of the PARQ scores in children with specific learning disability*, n = 266
W/A | p | HA | p | I/N | p | UR | p | T-PARQ | p | Control | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Children’s age | 0.978 | 0.412 | 0.916 | 0.663 | 0.730 | 0.434 | ||||||
<10 years | 29.3 (26.7–32.1) | 27.4 (25.0-30.2) | 22.6 (20.6–24.7) | 17.1 (15.5–18.9) | 96.6 (89.3-104.5) | 41.1 (39.4–42.9) | ||||||
≥ 10 years | 29.3 (26.8–32.0) | 26.7 (24.4–29.2) | 22.6 (20.8–24.7) | 16.8 (15.3–18.5) | 95.7 (88.7-103.1) | 40.6 (39.0-42.3) | ||||||
Children’s gender | 0.993 | 0.962 | 0.523 | 0.926 | 0.872 | 0.172 | ||||||
Male | 29.3 (26.8–32.0) | 27.1 (24.7–29.6) | 22.4 (20.5–24.4) | 17.0 (15.4–18.7) | 95.9 (88.9-103.4) | 40.5 (38.8–42.1) | ||||||
Female | 29.3 (26.7–32.2) | 27.0 (24.6–29.7) | 22.8 (20.8–25.0) | 17.0 (15.3–18.7) | 96.3 (89.1-104.2) | 41.3 (39.5–43.1) | ||||||
Maternal age at the birth of child | 0.675 | 0.244 | 0.574 | 0.902 | 0.939 | 0.154 | ||||||
<21 years | 28.6 (25.5–32.1) | 28.1 (25.1–31.5) | 23.0 (20.6–25.7) | 17.1 (15.1–19.3) | 96.9 (88.1-106.7) | 41.9 (39.8–44.2) | ||||||
21–30 years | 29.2 (26.7–31.9) | 27.4 (25.0–30.0) | 22.1 (20.3–24.1) | 16.8 (15.3–18.5) | 95.7 (88.8-103.1) | 40.6 (39.0-42.3) | ||||||
>30 years | 30.0 (27.2–33.2) | 25.8 (23.3–28.4) | 22.7 (20.6–25.0) | 17.1 (15.3–19.0) | 95.8 (88.1-104.2) | 40.0 (38.2–41.9) | ||||||
Maternal education | 0.811 | 0.512 | 0.186 | 0.789 | 0.440 | 0.152 | ||||||
<8 years | 29.4 (26.7–32.4) | 27.4 (24.8–30.2) | 23.1 (21.0-25.4) | 17.1 (15.4–19.0) | 97.2 (89.6-105.5) | 41.3 (39.5–43.2) | ||||||
≥8 years | 29.2 (26.7–31.8) | 26.8 (24.5–29.2) | 22.1 (20.3–24.0) | 17.0 (15.4–18.5) | 95.1 (88.4-102.3) | 40.4 (38.8–42.1) | ||||||
Maternal depression | 0.015 | 0.392 | 0.187 | 0.854 | 0.359 | 0.506 | ||||||
No | 31.5 (29.4–33.8) | 26.4 (24.6–28.2) | 23.5 (22.0-25.1) | 16.9 (15.7–18.2) | 98.4 (92.9-104.3) | 40.5 (39.2–41.8) | ||||||
Yes | 27.2 (23.9–31.0) | 27.8 (24.4–31.7) | 21.7 (19.1–24.7) | 17.1 (14.8–19.7) | 93.9 (84.1-104.8) | 41.2 (38.8–43.8) | ||||||
Family types | 0.687 | 0.702 | 0.831 | 0.674 | 0.889 | 0.152 | ||||||
Two parents | 29.5 (26.8–32.5) | 27.3 (24.7–30.1) | 22.5 (20.5–24.7) | 16.8 (15.2–18.7) | 96.4 (88.8-104.6) | 41.4 (39.6–43.3) | ||||||
Other | 29.0 (26.5–31.8) | 26.9 (24.5–29.4) | 22.7 (20.8–24.8) | 17.1 (15.5–18.9) | 95.9 (88.8-103.6) | 40.3 (38.7–42.1) | ||||||
Family income | 0.006 | 0.096 | 0.022 | 0.037 | 0.007 | 0.767 | ||||||
< 200 $ | 31.2 (28.0-34.7) | 28.1 (25.2–31.3) | 23.8 (21.4–26.4) | 17.9 (15.9–20.1) | 101.3 (92.6-110.9) | 40.7 (38.8–42.8) | ||||||
≥ 200 $ | 27.5 (25.3–29.9) | 26.0 (23.9–28.4) | 21.5 (19.7–23.3) | 16.1 (14.7–17.7) | 91.2 (84.9–98.0) | 41.0 (39.4–42.6) | ||||||
Birth weight and week | 0.691 | 0.349 | 0.819 | 0.920 | 0.949 | 0.844 | ||||||
<2500 gr and/or < 38 wk | 29.1 (26.3–32.1) | 27.6 (24.9–30.5) | 22.5 (20.4–24.8) | 17.0 (15.3–19.0) | 96.2 (88.4-104.7) | 40.8 (39.0-42.7) | ||||||
Normal wk and weight | 29.5 (27.0-32.2) | 26.6 (24.4–29.0) | 22.7 (20.8–24.7) | 16.9 (15.4–18.6) | 96.0 (89.2-103.3) | 40.9 (39.3–42.6) | ||||||
Breastfeeding duration | 0.416 | 0.399 | 0.151 | 0.390 | 0.581 | 0.557 | ||||||
<12 months | 28.9 (26.3–31.7) | 27.4 (25.0-30.1) | 23.1 (21.1–25.3) | 17.2 (15.6–19.1) | 96.9 (89.6-104.8) | 41.0 (39.3–42.8) | ||||||
≥12 months | 29.7 (27.1–32.5) | 26.7 (24.4–29.2) | 22.1 (20.2–24.1) | 16.7 (15.2–18.4) | 95.4 (88.4-102.9) | 40.7 (39.0-42.4) | ||||||
School achievement | 0.047 | 0.507 | 0.854 | 0.510 | 0.614 | 0.014 | ||||||
Unsuccessful | 28.4 (25.9–31.0)a | 26.5 (24.2–29.0) | 22.3 (20.5–24.4) | 17.0 (15.4–18.7) | 94.4 (87.5-101.8) | 42.0 (40.3–43.8)a | ||||||
Middle | 30.9 (28.1–33.9)b | 26.8 (24.4–29.4) | 22.6 (20.6–24.7) | 16.5 (14.9–18.3) | 96.9 (89.6-104.9) | 40.1 (38.4–41.9)b | ||||||
Good | 28.7 (25.7–32.0)ab | 27.9 (25.0-31.2) | 22.9 (20.6–25.4) | 17.5 (15.5–19.7) | 97.1 (88.5-106.5) | 40.5 (38.5–42.6)ab | ||||||
Brother/sister with SLD | 0.736 | 0.827 | 0.801 | 0.924 | 0.884 | 0.538 | ||||||
Healthy brother/sister | 29.7 (27.4–32.2) | 26.8 (24.8–29.1) | 22.6 (20.9–24.5) | 16.8 (15.4–18.3) | 96.2 (89.9-102.9) | 40.3 (38.9–41.8) | ||||||
Brother/sister having SLD | 29.9 (27.2–32.9) | 27.5 (25.0-30.3) | 23.1 (21.1–25.3) | 16.8 (15.2–18.6) | 97.5 (90.0-105.6) | 40.5 (38.8–42.3) | ||||||
Singleton | 28.2 (24.3–32.8) | 26.8 (23.1–31.2 | 22.1 (19.1–25.5) | 17.3 (14.7–20.3) | 94.7 (83.5-107.5) | 41.7 (39.0-44.7) | ||||||
Parental smoking | 0.783 | 0.008 | 0.362 | 0.193 | 0.196 | 0.845 | ||||||
No | 29.4 (26.7–32.4) | 25.9 (23.5–28.5) | 22.3 (20.3–24.4) | 16.6 (15.0-18.4) | 94.4 (87.1-102.3) | 40.8 (39.0-42.6) | ||||||
Yes | 29.2 (26.7–31.8) | 28.3 (25.9–30.9) | 22.9 (21.1–25.0) | 17.4 (15.8–19.1) | 97.9 (90.9-105.4) | 40.9 (39.3–42.6) | ||||||
Dysgraphia | 0.751 | 0.071 | < 0.001 | 0.013 | 0.020 | 0.291 | ||||||
Absence | 29.1 (26.3–32.2) | 26.1 (23.6–28.9) | 21.0 (19.1–23.2) | 16.1 (14.5–18.0) | 92.6 (85.0-100.8) | 40.5 (38.7–42.4) | ||||||
Presence | 29.5 (27.0-32.1) | 28.0 (25.7–30.5) | 24.3 (22.4–26.4) | 17.8 (16.3–19.6) | 99.8 (92.9-107.3) | 41.2 (39.6–42.9) | ||||||
SDQ scores | 0.012 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.105 | ||||||
TD < 17, PsB > 6 | 27.2 (24.9–29.7)a | 24.5 (22.4–26.8)a | 20.5 (18.8–22.4)a | 15.5 (14.0–17.0)a | 87.8 (81.4–94.7)a | 41.4 (39.7–43.1) | ||||||
TD < 17, PsB ≤ 6 | 29.7 (26.2–33.6)ab | 26.7 (23.5–30.3)ab | 22.4 (19.9–25.3)ab | 16.0 (14.0-18.3)ab | 95.0 (85.5-105.5)ab | 40.9 (38.6–43.3) | ||||||
TD ≥ 17, PsB > 6 | 29.1 (26.4–32.0)ab | 28.0 (25.5–30.9)b | 22.7 (20.7–25.0)b | 17.5 (15.8–19.4)bc | 97.4 (95.5-105.6)b | 41.7 (39.9–43.5) | ||||||
TD ≥ 17, PsB ≤ 6 | 31.4 (28.0-35.1)b | 29.3 (26.2–32.8)b | 24.9 (22.3–27.8)b | 19.2 (17.0-21.7)c | 105.0 (95.5-115.5)b | 39.6 (37.6–41.6) |