Table 1 Univariate associations between demographic characteristics, COVID-19-related information, and psychological distress (n = 1735)
Variables | Categories (n, %) | Depressive symptomsa | Anxiety symptomsa | Fear of COVID-19a | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | t | β | t | β | t | ||
Demographic characteristics | |||||||
Age (mean ± SD) | 28.23 ± 13.84 | 0.032 | 1.354 | -0.009 | -0.376 | 0.176*** | 7.444*** |
Gender | Female (n = 1181, 68.1%) | 0.085*** | 3.549*** | 0.058* | 2.435* | 0.138*** | 5.788*** |
Male (n = 554, 31.9%) | reference |  | reference |  | reference |  | |
Religiosity | Secular (n = 1211, 69.8%) | 0.003 | 0.116 | 0.002 | 0.102 | -0.025 | -1.023 |
Religious/traditional (n = 524, 30.2%) | reference |  | reference |  | reference |  | |
Financial situation | Relatively good (n = 208, 12.0%) | -0.113*** | -4.740*** | -0.083*** | -3.465*** | -0.147*** | -6.174*** |
Fair or poor (n = 1527, 88.0%) | reference |  | reference |  | reference |  | |
Physical health | Other health conditions (n = 129, 7.4%) | 0.133*** | 5.600*** | 0.133*** | 5.584*** | 0.084*** | 3.519*** |
Health (n = 1606, 92.6%) | reference |  | reference |  | reference |  | |
COVID-19-related information | |||||||
COVID-19 Vaccination | Booster dose (n = 734, 42.3%) | -0.020 | -0.813 | -0.021 | -0.872 | 0.096*** | 4.028*** |
0–2 dose (n = 1001, 57.7%) | reference |  | reference |  | reference |  | |
Medicines preparation | Excessive or hoarding of medicines (n = 454, 26.2%) | -0.002 | -0.085 | 0.004 | 0.157 | 0.020 | 0.833 |
No or moderate preparation of medicines (n = 1281, 73.8%) | reference |  | reference |  | reference |  | |
Financial losses during the COVID-19 pandemic | Loss (n = 1376, 79.3%) | 0.152*** | 6.418*** | 0.131*** | 5.483*** | 0.143*** | 6.007*** |
Without loss (n = 359, 20.7%) | reference |  | reference |  | reference |  | |
Financial losses after lifting the COVID-19 policy | Loss (n = 1148, 66.2%) | 0.143*** | 6.033*** | 0.132*** | 5.550*** | 0.192*** | 8.148*** |
Without loss (n = 587, 33.8%) | reference |  | reference |  | reference |  | |
Infections in relatives and friends | No (n = 208, 12.0%) | -0.063** | -2.627** | -0.051* | -2.115* | -0.025 | -1.058 |
Yes (n = 1527, 88.0%) | reference |  | reference |  | reference |  | |
Residual symptoms (n = 802) | With residual symptoms (n = 280, 34.9%) | 0.241*** | 7.023*** | 0.204*** | 5.896*** | 0.213*** | 6.180*** |
No residual symptoms (n = 522, 65.1%) | reference |  | reference |  | reference |  | |