Table 3 Scales based ICD-11 and DSM-5 models and Kernberg’s theory of personality organization to measure personality disorder dysfunctional severity

ICD-11

Personality Disorder Severity ICD-11 (PDS-ICD-11)

14

Identify, self-worth, self-perception, goals, interest in relationships, disagreement management, emotional control and expression, behavioral control, experience of reality during stress, harm to self, harm to others, psychosocial impairments.

Scales of Self and Interpersonal Dysfunction (of Clark and Colleagues)

65

Low self-worth, low self-accuracy, low self-directedness, relationship difficulties, and dysfunctional, engagement

DSM-5

Level of Personality Functioning Scale (LPFS)

80

Identify, self- direction, empathy, intimacy

Level of Personality Functioning Scale - Brief Form (LPFS-BF)

12

Self-functioning, interpersonal functioning, six items for each

Level of Personality Functioning Scale-self-report (LPFS-SR)

80

Identity (21 items), Self-Direction (16 items), Empathy (23 items), Intimacy (20 items)

Self and Interpersonal Functioning Scale (SIFS)

24

Identity, Self-Direction, Empathy, Intimacy

Semi-structured Interview for DSM-5 Personality Functioning (STiP5.1)

28

Identity, Self-Direction, Empathy, Intimacy; 12 facets (Experience of oneself as unique, self-esteem, emotions, goals, self-reflection, understanding others, perspectives impact, connection, closeness, mutuality)

Level of Personality Functioning Questionnaire for adolescents (LoPF-Q 12–18)

97

Identity, self-direction, empathy, and intimacy

Kernberg’s theory of personality organization

Inventory of Personality Organization (IPO)

57

Primitive Defenses (16 items), Reality Testing (20 items), Identity Diffusion (21 items)