Table 3 Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis result for variables

Prenatal

 Poor maternal health

  Healthy

1.00

1.00

  Fever

3.14(1.74–5.67) **

3.81(1.87–7.79) **

  Diabetes

1.47(0.72–2.96)

1.87(0.79–4.44)

  Hypertension

0.25(0.03–2.22)

0.28(0.02–3.31)

  Anemia

0.49(0.23–1.05)

0.38(0.15–0.94) *

  Vitamin deficiency

1.34(0.30–6.10)

0.88(0.15–5.21)

  Exposure to toxic substances/pollution

0.88(0.33–2.35)

0.67(0.21–2.17)

 Maternal exposure to stressful life events during pregnancy

  No

1.00

1.00

  Yes

2.98(1.05–8.51) *

2.41(0.63–9.18)

Perinatal

 Gestational age

  37–42 weeks

1.00

1.00

  <37 weeks

1.00(0.31–1.04)

1.01(0.24–4.37)

  >42 weeks

1.00(0.14–7.20)

0.47(0.04–5.60)

 Delivery

  Natural birth

1.00

1.00

  Cesarean birth

1.07(0.64–1.78)

0.93(0.51–1.64)

 Neonatal status

  Healthy

1.00

1.00

  Birth asphyxia

15.33(1.99-118.11) *

13.42(1.26-143.29) *

 Postpartum maternal mental illness

  No

1.00

1.00

  Yes

2.14(1.32–3.46) *

1.21(0.67–2.20)

 Feeding difficulties

  No

1.00

1.00

  Yes

3.48(1.35–8.97)**

3.46(1.18–10.12)*

Postnatal/Parenting

 Frequency of touching or hugging

  Once a day or more

1.00

1.00

  Less than once a day

1.15(0.41–3.26)

0.80(0.23–2.76)

 Verbal or behavioral responsiveness

  High

1.00

1.00

  Low

2.18(1.48–2.70)**

2.37(1.24–4.52)**

 Parenting behavior

  Gentle

1.00

1.00

  Harsh

5.00(2.24–11.19)**

3.42(1.40–8.36) **

  Neglectful

3.43(1.93–6.08) **

3.01(1.59–5.70) **