Table 1 Demographic distribution of smoking behavior

Number of participants

21916

3258

18658

14.87

Age

 < 0.001

 12–17 years

2072 (9.45)

118 (3.62)

1954 (10.47)

5.69

 18–59 years

15647 (71.40)

2405 (73.82)

13242 (70.97)

15.37

  ≥ 60 years

4197 (19.15)

735 (22.56)

3462 (18.56)

17.51

Gender

 < 0.001

 Male

10958 (50.00)

2870 (88.09)

8088 (43.35)

26.19

 Female

10958 (50.00)

388 (11.91)

10570 (56.65)

3.54

Religion

0.045

 None

21058 (96.09)

3110 (95.46)

17948 (96.19)

14.77

 Yes

858 (3.91)

148 (4.54)

710 (3.81)

17.25

Political landscape

 < 0.001

 Party member or Probationary Party

3179 (14.51)

627 (19.24)

2552 (13.68)

19.72

 Member of the Communist Youth League

4671 (21.31)

354 (10.87)

4317 (23.14)

7.58

 Other parties

154 (0.70)

27 (0.83)

127 (0.68)

17.53

 The masses

13912 (63.48)

2250 (69.06)

11662 (62.50)

16.17

Education level

 < 0.001

 Primary school and below

3412 (15.57)

612 (18.78)

2800 (15.01)

17.94

 Middle school and junior college

8731 (39.84)

1302 (39.96)

7429 (39.82)

14.91

 College degree or above

9773 (44.59)

1344 (41.25)

8429 (45.18)

13.75

Marital status

 < 0.001

 Never married

8497 (38.77)

807 (24.77)

7690 (41.22)

9.50

 Married

12437 (56.75)

2259 (69.34)

10178 (54.55)

18.16

 Divorce

406 (1.85)

106 (3.25)

300 (1.61)

26.10

 Widowed

576 (2.63)

86 (2.64)

490 (2.63)

14.93

Chronic disease

 < 0.001

 None

16456 (75.09)

2104 (64.58)

14352 (76.92)

12.79

 One

3512 (16.02)

691 (21.21)

2821 (15.12)

19.68

 More

1948 (8.89)

463 (14.21)

1485 (7.96)

23.77

Family income

0.070

 Low

10913 (49.79)

1670 (51.26)

9243 (49.54)

15.30

 High

11003 (50.21)

1588 (48.74)

9415 (50.46)

14.43

Residence

 < 0.001

 Urban

11811 (53.89)

1631 (50.06)

10180 (54.56)

13.81

 Rural

10105 (46.11)

1627 (49.94)

8478 (45.44)

16.10

Depression

 < 0.001

 None

9298 (42.43)

1197 (36.74)

8101 (43.42)

12.87

 Mild

7629 (34.81)

1164 (35.73)

6465 (34.65)

15.26

 Moderate

3031 (13.83)

502 (15.41)

2529 (13.55)

16.56

 Severe

1430 (6.52)

269 (8.26)

1161 (6.22)

18.81

 Major

528 (2.41)

126 (3.87)

402 (2.15)

23.86

Household type

 < 0.001

 Couple Family

3717 (16.96)

607 (18.63)

3110 (16.67)

16.33

 Core family

11574 (52.81)

1366 (41.93)

10208 (54.71)

11.80

 Main family

3836 (17.50)

696 (21.36)

3140 (16.83)

18.14

 Other forms of family

2789 (12.73)

589 (18.08)

2200 (11.79)

21.12

Current work status

 < 0.001

 Employed

7601 (34.68)

1403 (43.06)

6198 (33.22)

18.46

 Student

6580 (30.02)

433 (13.29)

6147 (32.95)

6.58

 Retirement

2756 (12.58)

493 (15.13)

2263 (12.13)

17.89

 No regular occupation

2609 (11.90)

624 (19.15)

1985 (10.64)

23.92

 Unemployed

2370 (10.81)

305 (9.36)

2065 (11.07)

12.87

Negative event

 < 0.001

 None

12756 (58.20)

1660 (50.95)

11096 (59.47)

13.01

 One

4945 (22.56)

891 (27.35)

4054 (21.73)

18.02

 More

4215 (19.23)

707 (21.70)

3508 (18.80)

16.77

Big five personality

 Extraversion

6.23 ± 1.62

6.21 ± 1.59

6.24 ± 1.62

-

0.397

 Agreeableness

7.00 ± 1.48

6.90 ± 1.49

7.01 ± 1.48

-

 < 0.001

 Conscientiousness

6.76 ± 1.65

6.79 ± 1.61

6.76 ± 1.66

-

0.237

 Nervousness

6.27 ± 1.56

6.43 ± 1.49

6.24 ± 1.56

-

 < 0.001

 Openness

6.46 ± 1.55

6.25 ± 1.55

6.50 ± 1.55

-

 < 0.001