Table 1 Psychosocial baseline characteristics
Not depressed (PHQ-9 < 5) and no DP/DR (CDS-2 = 0) (n = 9,301) | Depressed (PHQ-9 ≥ 10) | Cohen’s d§ | Test for depression with DP/DR versus depression only | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
no DP/DR (CDS-2 = 0) (n = 599) | DP/DR (CDS-2 ≥ 1) (n = 522) | ||||
Age in years, mean (SD) | 55.3 (11.2) | 53.0 (10.3) | 52.5 (10.0) | -0.05 | 0.44 |
Sex, % (n) | 45.2% (4200/9301) | 61.9% (371/599) | 58.8% (307/522) | 0.30 | |
Social economic status, mean (SD) | 13.38 (4.47) | 12.08 (4.24) | 11.76 (4.23) | -0.08 | 0.21 |
Living in a partnership, % (n) | 84.5% (7858/9301) | 72.1% (432/599) | 64.6% (337/522) | 0.0068 | |
Mental distress | |||||
Depression severity (PHQ-9), median (Q1/Q3) | 2.00 (1.00/3.00) | 11.00 (10.00/13.00) | 13.00 (11.00/16.00) | 0.61 | p < 0.0001 |
DP/DR: CDS-2, median (Q1/Q3) | 0 (0/0) | 0 (0/0) | 2.00 (1.00/2.00) | 2.53 | p < 0.0001 |
Clinically significant DP/DR: CDS-2 > = 3, n (%) | 0% (0/9301) | 0% (0/599) | 11.3% (59/522) | p < 0.0001 | |
Anxiety: GAD-2, median (Q1/Q3) | 0 (0/1.00) | 2.00 (1.00/3.00) | 3.00 (2.00/4.00) | 0.53 | p < 0.0001 |
Clinically significant anxiety (GAD-2 > = 3), % (n) | 0.8% (74/9269) | 38.2% (227/595) | 56.7% (295/520) | p < 0.0001 | |
Clinically significant social anxiety, % (n) | 2.8% (259/9282) | 24.4% (146/599) | 42.8% (223/521) | p < 0.0001 | |
Distressed personality, % (n) | 13.9% (1291/9271) | 51.8% (309/597) | 65.9% (344/522) | p < 0.0001 | |
History of Depression, % (n) | 5.4% (499/9294) | 37.8% (226/598) | 58.2% (302/519) | p < 0.0001 | |
History of anxiety, % (n) | 3.6% (337/9293) | 19.1% (114/598) | 33.1% (172/520) | p < 0.0001 | |
History of suicide attempt, % (n) | 1.1% (85/7659) | 9.6% (43/448) | 14.4% (55/381) | 0.040 | |
Health status and common functional complaints | |||||
Tinnitus, % (n) | 6.4% (592/9292) | 12.0% (72/599) | 14.6% (76/522) | 0.22 | |
Migraine headache, % (n) | 4.9% (451/9297) | 13.2% (79/598) | 14.4% (75/520) | 0.60 | |
Back pain, % (n) | 71.6% (151/211) | 67.4% (161/239) | 61.0% (1294/2121) | 0.36 | |
Chest pain, % (n) | 26.1% (2430/9296) | 50.9% (305/599) | 60.5% (316/522) | 0.0014 | |
Irregular heartbeat, % (n) | 12.1% (1124/9295) | 31.2% (187/599) | 35.1% (183/522) | 0.18 | |
Current state of physical health, mean (SD) | 1.95 (0.55) | 2.63 (0.76) | 2.85 (0.80) | 0.29 | < 0.0001 |
Current state of mental health, mean (SD) | 1.81 (0.53) | 2.78 (0.71) | 3.09 (0.70) | 0.43 | < 0.0001 |
Interpersonal difficulties | |||||
Troubles with the boss, % (n) | 4.0% (368/9211) | 18.6% (109/587) | 22.2% (114/513) | 0.13 | |
Troubles with colleagues, % (n) | 3.2% (291/9216) | 13.4% (79/589) | 18.1% (93/515) | 0.038 | |
Family troubles, % (n) | 8.8% (815/9239) | 39.5% (234/592) | 48.5% (252/520) | 0.0030 | |
Frequent loneliness, % (n) | 1.5% (140/9252) | 19.7% (116/589) | 35.9% (186/518) | p < 0.0001 | |
Medication and Treatment | |||||
Psychiatric treatment*, % (n) | 0.2% (14/9296) | 2.2% (13/599) | 5.7% (30/522) | 0.0027 | |
Psychotherapeutic treatment*;% (n) | 0.4% (36/9296) | 4.2% (25/599) | 5.2% (27/522) | 0.48 | |
Antidepressants, % (n) | 2.4% (219/9199) | 18.7% (111/595) | 27.3% (142/521) | 0.00074 | |
Antipsychotics, % (n) | 0.4% (38/9199) | 2.5% (15/595) | 3.6% (19/521) | 0.30 | |
Hypnotics/Anxiolytics, % (n) | 1.1% (103/9199) | 5.9% (35/595) | 7.7% (40/521) | 0.23 | |
Opioid pain killers, % (n) | 0.9% (83/9199) | 3.9% (23/595) | 4.8% (25/521) | 0.46 | |