Impact of depersonalization on the course of depression: longitudinal observations from the gutenberg health study

Table 4 Recalled parental rearing behavior

	Not depressed (PHQ-9 < 5) and no DP/DR (CDS-2 = 0) (n = 9,301)	Depressed (PHQ-9 ≥ 10)		Cohen’s d^§	Test for depression with DP/DR versus depression only
		no DP/DR (CDS-2 = 0) (n = 599)	DP/DR (CDS-2 ≥ 1) (n = 522)	Cohen’s d^§	Test for depression with DP/DR versus depression only
Emotional warmth (Mother), mean (SD)	2.77 (1.39)	2.43 (1.57)	2.19 (1.58)	-0.16	0.024
Emotional warmth (Father), mean (SD)	2.02 (1.44)	1.73 (1.48)	1.44 (1.36)	-0.21	0.0041
Control & overprotection (Mother), median (Q1/Q3)	1.00 (0/2.00)	1.00 (0/2.00)	1.00 (0/2.00)	0.23	0.0012
Control & overprotection (Father), median (Q1/Q3)	0 (0/1.00)	1.00 (0/2.00)	1.00 (0/2.00)	0.17	0.0033
Rejection & punishment (Mother), median (Q1/Q3)	0 (0/1.00)	0 (0/1.00)	1.00 (0/2.00)	0.24	0.00023
Rejection & punishment (Father), median (Q1/Q3)	0 (0/1.00)	0 (0/1.00)	1.00 (0/2.00)	0.27	0.0021

Continuous variables are described by mean values with standard deviation in brackets (SD) or median values with 1st and 3rd Quantil in brackets (Q1 / Q3) if they are skew. Discrete variables are described through relative and absolute frequencies. Baseline data were compared by Chi-square test for dichotomous variables, t-tests for normally distributed continuous variables, and Wilcox rank sum test for more skewed continuous data
Note: In the comparison of participants who are depressed with those not depressed, all variables differed significantly
^§Cohen’s for continuous variables

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