Reliability and validity of the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 scale and its subscales of depression and anxiety among US adults based on nativity

Table 5 Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis (MCFA) in two groups of US-born and foreign-born (N = 5,140)

Model	χ²	df	p	ΔLR χ²	Δdf	RMSEA (95% CI)	SRMR	TLI	CFI
Single group solutions
US-born (n = 3,971)	409.237	2	< 0.001			0.226 (0.208, 0.245)	0.027	0.902	0.967
Foreign-born (n = 1,169)	40.351	2	< 0.001			0.128 (0.095, 0.164)	0.018	0.964	0.988
Invariance models
Configural	449.587	4	< 0.001			0.208 (0. 192, 0. 225)	0.023	0.915	0.972
Metric	453.082	7	< 0.001	3.49^a	3	0.157 (0. 145, 0. 170)	0.027	0.951	0.972
Scalar	454.426	10	< 0.001	1.34^b	3	0.132 (0. 121, 0. 142)	0.027	0.966	0.972

Note. ΔLR χ² = Likelihood Ratio Chi-Square Difference. RMSEA = root mean square error of approximation; SRMR = standardized root mean square residual; TLI = Tucker Lewis Index; CFI = comparative fit index. ^ap= 0.322. ^bp= 0.719

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