Table 6 Association of PHQ-2, GAD-2 and PHQ-4 scores with demographic characteristics (N = 5,140)

Nativity

 US-born

1.74 (2.01)

1.65 (1.92)

3.39 (3.73)

 Foreign-born

1.45 (1.84)

1.43 (1.79)

2.89 (3.44)

Age

 18–25

2.32 (2.02)a

2.36 (1.92)

4.68 (3.68)

 26–34

2.16 (2.07)ab

2.00 (1.97)

4.16 (3.83)

 35–49

1.66 (1.97)

1.60 (1.88)

3.25 (3.66)

 50–64

1.37 (1.88)

1.27 (1.77)

2.64 (3.48)

 ≥ 65

0.57 (1.14)

0.57 (1.23)

1.14 (2.21)

Gender identity

 Male

1.32 (1.83)

1.41 (1.83)

2.73 (3.48)

 Female

1.84 (2.02)

1.69 (1.91)

3.53 (3.73)

 Non-binary/transgender/other

2.55 (2.15)

2.36 (2.03)

4.91 (3.96)

Sexual orientation

 Heterosexual/straight

1.56 (1.93)

1.49 (1.84)

3.05 (3.59)

 Lesbian/Gay

2.28 (2.03)a

2.17 (1.94)a

4.45 (3.75)a

 Bisexual

2.84 (2.12)b

2.75 (2.02)b

5.58 (3.86)b

 Other

2.69 (2.13)ac, bc

2.49 (1.99)ac, bc

5.18 (3.91)ac, bc

Race/ethnicity

 White

1.65 (2.03)a

1.50 (1.90)a

3.15 (3.76)a

 Black/African American

1.65 (1.90)ab

1.69 (1.86)ab

3.34 (3.55)ab

 Asian

1.35 (1.74)

1.41 (1.76)ac

2.76 (3.33)ac

 Latino/Hispanic

1.89 (2.02)bc

1.77 (1.88)bd

3.66 (3.69)bd

 Other

1.95 (2.11)ad, bd, cd

1.94 (2.12)be, de

3.89 (4.04)ae, be, de

Level of education completed

 Less than High School

2.27 (2.09)

2.29 (2.07)

4.56 (3.92)

 High School diploma or GED

1.89 (2.05)a

1.80 (1.93)a

3.69 (3.79)a

 Some college/vocational

 or technical school

1.82 (2.04)ab

1.70 (1.92)ab

3.52 (3.76)ab

 College or higher degree

1.34 (1.80)

1.31 (1.76)

2.65 (3.38)

Current employment

 Employed

1.60 (1.92)a

1.54 (1.84)a

3.14 (3.58)a

 Unemployed

2.15 (2.11)b

2.02 (2.01)b

4.17 (3.92)b

 Unpaid/Voluntary/Apprenticeship

1.77 (1.91)ac

1.57 (1.81)ac

3.35 (3.48)ac

 Permanently Sick/Disabled

2.37 (2.21)bd

2.34 (2.06)bd

4.71 (4.06)bd

 In school or student

2.43 (2.12)be, de

2.31 (1.96)be, de

4.74 (3.86)be, de

 Retired

0.80 (1.47)

0.81 (1.52)

1.61 (2.81)

Marital status

 Never been married

1.99 (2.05)

1.97 (1.97)

3.96 (3.80)

 Married/Living with a partner

1.50 (1.92)a

1.39 (1.80)

2.88 (3.53)

 Divorced/Widowed/Separated

1.66 (1.95)ab

1.65 (1.92)

3.32 (3.70)

Annual household income

 Less than $25,000

2.00 (2.09)a

1.93 (1.97)a

3.93 (3.84)a

 $25,000 to < $35,000

2.03 (2.06)ab

1.91 (1.92)ab

3.94 (3.79)ab

 $35,000 to < $50,000

1.75 (1.94)c

1.71 (1.87)ac, bc

3.46 (3.60)bc

 $50,000 to < $75,000

1.62 (1.92)cd

1.50 (1.86)cd

3.11 (3.61)cd

 $75,000 or more

1.17 (1.75)

1.15 (1.72)

2.31 (3.30)