American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Text Revision. 2000, Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, Fourth
Google Scholar
Zvolensky MJ, Bernstein A, Marshall EC, Feldner MT: Panic attacks, panic disorder, and agoraphobia: associations with substance use, abuse, and dependence. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2006, 8 (4): 279-85. 10.1007/s11920-006-0063-6.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Coplan JD, Poppa LA, Pine D: Clinical improvement with Fluoxetine therapy and noradrenergic function in patients with panic disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1997, 54: 643-648.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Neumeister A, Bain E, Nugent AC: Reduced serotonin A1 receptor binding in panic disorder. J Neurosci. 2004, 24: 589-591. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4921-03.2004.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Maron E, Shlik J: Serotonin function in panic disorder: important, but why?. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2006, 31 (1): 1-11.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Westenberg HG, Leibowitz MR: Overview of Panic and Social Anxiety Disorders. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004, 65 (suppl 14): 22-26.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Asnis GM, Hameedi FA, Goddard AW: Fluvoxamine in the treatment of panic disorder: a multi-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in outpatients. Psychiatry Res. 2001, 103: 1-14. 10.1016/S0165-1781(01)00265-7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pollack M: The pharmacotherapy of panic disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005, 66 (suppl 4): 23-27.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pollack MH, Lepola U, Koponen H, Simon NM, Worthington JJ, Emilien G, Tzanis E, Salinas E, Whitaker T, Gao B: A double-blind study of the efficacy of venlafaxine extended-release, paroxetine, and placebo in the treatment of panic disorder. Depress Anxiety. 2007, 24 (1): 1-14. 10.1002/da.20218.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sheehan DV, Burnham DB, Iyengar MK, Perera P: Efficacy and tolerability of controlled-release paroxetine in the treatment of panic disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005, 66 (1): 34-40.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dannon PN, Iancu I, Cohen A, Lowengrub K, Grunhaus L, Kotler M: Three year naturalistic outcome study of panic disorder patients treated with paroxetine. BMC Psychiatry. 2004, 11 (4): 16-10.1186/1471-244X-4-16.
Article
Google Scholar
Bandelow B, Ruther E: Treatment-resistant panic disorder. CNS Spectr. 2004, 9 (10): 725-39.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Perna G, Bertani A, Caldirola D, Smeraldi E, Bellodi L: A comparison of citalopram and paroxetine in the treatment of panic disorder: a randomized, single-blind study. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2001, 34 (3): 85-90. 10.1055/s-2001-14283.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Toni C, Perugi G, Frare F, Mata B, Vitale B, Mengali F, Recchia M, Serra G, Akiskal HS: A prospective naturalistic study of 326 panic-agoraphobic patients treated with antidepressants. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2000, 33 (4): 121-31. 10.1055/s-2000-11221.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ballenger JC, Wheadon DE, Steiner M: Double-blind, fixed-dose, placebo-controlled study of paroxetine in the treatment of panic disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 1998, 155: 36-42.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lader M: Management of panic disorder. Expert Rev Neurother. 2005, 5 (2): 259-66. 10.1586/14737175.5.2.259.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bakker A, van Balkom AJ, Stein DJ: Evidence-based pharmacotherapy of panic disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2005, 8 (3): 473-82. 10.1017/S1461145705005201.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pollack MH, Allgulander C, Bandelow B, Cassano GB, Greist JH, Hollander E, Nutt DJ, Okasha A, Swinson RP: WCA recommendations for the long-term treatment of panic disorder. CNS Spectr. 2003, 8 (8 Suppl 1): 17-30.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sepede G, De Berardis D, Gambi F, Campanella D, La Rovere R, D'Amico M, Cicconetti A, Penna L, Peca S, Carano A, Mancini E, Salerno RM, Ferro FM: Olanzapine augmentation in treatment-resistant panic disorder: a 12-week, fixed-dose, open-label trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2006, 26 (1): 45-9. 10.1097/01.jcp.0000195108.01898.17.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Goodwin RD, Faravelli C, Rosi S, Cosci F, Truglia E, de Graaf R, Wittchen HU: The epidemiology of panic disorder and agoraphobia in Europe. Eur Neurpsychopharmacol. 2005, 15: 435-443. 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2005.04.006.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Rickels K, Schweizer E: Panic disorder: long-term pharmacotherapy and discontinuation. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1998, 18 (6 Suppl 2): 12S-18S. 10.1097/00004714-199812001-00004.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Conley RR, Mahmoud R: A randomized, double-blind study of risperidone and olanzapine in the treatment of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2001, 158: 765-774. 10.1176/appi.ajp.158.5.765.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Peuskens J, Van Baelen B, De Smedt C, Lemmens P: Effects of risperidone on affective symtpoms in patients with schizophrenia. Int Clin Psychophamacol. 2000, 15: 343-49. 10.1097/00004850-200015060-00005.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Kaplan M: Atypical antipsychotics for treatment of mixed depression and anxiety. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000, 61: 388-9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Galynker I, Khan A, Grebchenko Y, Ten A, Malaya L, Yanowitch P, Cohen LJ: Low-dose risperidone and quetiapine as monotherapy for comorbid anxiety and depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005, 66: 544-
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Morinigo A, Blanco M, Labrador J, Martine J, Noval D: Risperidone for resistant anxiety in elderly persons. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2005, 13: 81-82.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Brawman-Mintzer O, Knapp RG, Nietert PJ: Adjunctive risperidone in generalized anxiety disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005, 66: 1321-1325.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
McDougle CJ, Epperson CN, Pelton GH, Wasylink S, Price LH: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of risperidone addition in serotonin reuptake inhibitor-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000, 57: 794-801. 10.1001/archpsyc.57.8.794.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hollander E, Baldini Rossi N, Sood E: Risperidone augmentation in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2003, 63: 397-401. 10.1017/S1461145703003730.
Article
Google Scholar
Li X, May RS, Tolbert LC, Jackson WT, Flournoy JM, Baxter LR: Risperidone and haloperidol augmentation of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: a crossover study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005, 66: 736-43.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Erzegovesi S, Guglielmo E, Silipriandi F, Bellodi L: Low-dose risperidone augmentation of fluvoxamine treatment in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2005, 15: 69-74. 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2004.04.004.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bartzokis G, Lu PH, Turner J, Mintz J, Saunders CS: Adjunctive risperidone in the treatment of chronic combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2004, 57: 474-479. 10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.11.039.
Article
Google Scholar
Hamner MB, Faldowski RA, Ulmer HG, Frueh BC, Huber MG, Arana GW: Adjunctive risperidone treatment in post-traumatic stress disorder: a preliminary controlled trial of effects on comorbid psychotic symptoms. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2002, 18: 1-8. 10.1097/00004850-200301000-00001.
Article
Google Scholar
Monnelly EP, Ciraulo DA, Knapp C, Keane T: Low-dose risperidone as adjunctive therapy for irritable aggression in posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2003, 23: 193-6. 10.1097/00004714-200304000-00012.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kozaric-Kovacic D, Pivac N, Muck-Seler D, Rothbaum BO: Risperidone in psychotic combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder: an open trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005, 66: 922-927.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lecrubier Y: The impact of comorbidity on the treatment of panic disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998, 59 (Suppl 8): 11-14.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dunner DL: The issue of comorbidity in the treatment of panic. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1998, 13 (Suppl 4): S19-24.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kessler RC, Stang PE, Wittchen HU, Ustun TB, Roy-Burne PP, Walters EE: Lifetime panic-depression comorbidity in the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1998, 55 (9): 801-8. 10.1001/archpsyc.55.9.801.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Melartin TK, Rytsala HJ, Leskela US, Lestela-Mielonen PS, Sokero TP, Isometsa ET: Current comorbidity of psychiatric disorders among DSM-IV major depressive disorder patients in psychiatric care in the Vantaa Depression Study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002, 63 (2): 126-34.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Weissman MM, Wickramaratne P, Adams PB, Lish JD, Horwath E, Charney D, Woods SW, Leeman E, Frosch E: The relationship between panic disorder and major depression. A new family study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994, 51 (11): 926-7.
Article
Google Scholar
Kaufman J, Charney D: Comorbidity of mood and anxiety disorders. Depress Anxiety. 2000, 12 (Suppl 1): 69-76. 10.1002/1520-6394(2000)12:1+<69::AID-DA9>3.0.CO;2-K.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Reich J, Warshaw M, Peterson LG, White K, Keller M, Lavori P, Yonkers KA: Comorbidity of panic and major depressive disorder. J Psychiatr Res. 1993, 27 (Suppl 1): 23-33. 10.1016/0022-3956(93)90015-T.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gorman J, Shear K, Cowley D, Cross CD, March J, Roth W, Shehi M, Wang PS: Practice guidelines for the treatment of patients with panic disorder. [http://www.psychiatryonline.com/pracGuide/pracGuideTopic_9.aspx]
Hamilton M: A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1960, 23: 56-62. 10.1136/jnnp.23.1.56.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hamilton M: Development of a rating scale for primary depressive illness. Br J Soc Clin Psychol. 1967, 6 (4): 278-96.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Moritz S, Meier B, Hand I, Schick M, Jahn H: Dimensional structure of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2004, 125: 171-80. 10.1016/j.psychres.2003.11.003.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hamilton M: The assessment of anxiety states by rating. Br J Med Psychol. 1959, 32: 50-55.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Shear MK, Rucci P, Williams J, Frank E, Grochocinski V, Bilt Vander J, Houck P, Wang T: Reliability and validity of the Panic Disorder Severity Scale: replication and extension. J Psychiatr Res. 2001, 35 (5): 293-6. 10.1016/S0022-3956(01)00028-0.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Raj A, Sheehan DV: Medical evaluation of panic attacks. J Clin Psychiatry. 1987, 48 (8): 309-13.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Guy W: Clinical Global Impressions. ECDEU Assessment Manual Psychopharmacology, revised National Institute of Mental Health, Rockville MD. 1976
Google Scholar
Gibbons RD, Hediker D, Elkin I, Waternaux C, Kraemer HC, Greenhouse JB, Shea T, Imber S, Stotsky SM, Watkins JT: Some conceptual and statistical issues in analysis of longitudinal psychiatric data. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1993, 50: 739-750.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Laird NM: Missing data in longitudinal studies. Stat Med. 1988, 7: 305-315. 10.1002/sim.4780070131.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gehan EA: A generalized Wilcoxon test for comparing arbitrarily singly-censored samples. Biometrika. 1965, 52 (1–2): 203-223.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gao K, Muzina D, Gajwani P, Calabrese JR: Efficacy of typical and atypical antipsychotics for primary and comorbid anxiety symptoms or disorders. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006, 67: 1327-1340.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Simon NM, Hoge EA, Fischmann D, Worthington JJ, Christian JM, Kinrys G, Pollack MH: An open-label trial of risperidone augmentation for refractory anxiety disorders. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006, 67: 381-387.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Padala PR, Madison J, Monnahan M, Marcil W, Price P, Ramaswamy S, Din AU, Wilson DR, Petty F: Risperidone monotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder related to sexual assault and domestic abuse in women. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2006, 21 (5): 275-80. 10.1097/00004850-200609000-00005.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Megens AA: Survey on the pharmacodynamics of the new antipsychotic risperidone. Psychopharmacology Berl. 1994, 114 (1): 9-23. 10.1007/BF02245439.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nyberg S, Farde L, Eriksson L, Halldin C, Eriksson B: 5-HT2 and D2 dopamine receptor occupancy in the living human brain. A PET study with risperidone. Psychopharmacology Berl. 1993, 110 (3): 265-72. 10.1007/BF02251280.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Leysen JE, Janssen PM, Megens AA, Schotte A: Risperidone: a novel antipsychotic with balanced serotonin-dopamine antagonism, receptor occupancy profile, and pharmacologic activity. J Clin Psychiatry. 1994, 55 (Suppl): 5-12.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Peeze MA, Feldon J: Mesolimbic dopaminergic pathways in fear conditioning. Prog Neurobiol. 2004, 74: 301-320. 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2004.09.004.
Article
Google Scholar
Yoshioka M, Matsumoto M, Togshi H, Saito H: Effect of conditioned fear stress on dopamine release in the rat prefrontal cortex. Neurosci Lett. 1996, 209: 201-203. 10.1016/0304-3940(96)12631-8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ladurelle N, Roques BP, Dauge V: The transfer of rats from a familial to a novel environment prolongs the increase of extracellular dopamine efflux induced by CCK8 in the posterior nucleus accumbens. J Neurosci. 1995, 15: 3118-3127.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wedzony K, Mackowiak M, Fihal K, Golembiowska K: Evidence that conditioned stress enhances outflow of dopamine in the rat prefrontal cortex: a search for the influence of diazepam and 5-HT1A agonists. Synapse. 1996, 24: 240-247. 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2396(199611)24:3<240::AID-SYN6>3.0.CO;2-E.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Inoue T, Tsuchiya K, Koyoma T: Effects of typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs on freezing behavior induced by conditioned fear. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1996, 55: 195-201. 10.1016/S0091-3057(96)00064-0.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ishida-Tokuda K, Ohno Y, Sakamoto H, Ishibashi T, Wakabayashi A, Tojima R, Morita T, Nakamura M: Evaluation of perospirone (SM-9018), a novel serotonin-2 and dopamine-2 antagonist, and other antipsychotics in the conditioned fear stress-induced freezing behavior model in rats. Jpn J Pharmacol. 1996, 72: 119-126. 10.1254/jjp.72.119.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cavazutti E, Bertoloni A, Vergoni AV, Arletti R, Poggioli R, Forgione A, Benelli A: 1-Sulpiride, at a low, non-neuroleptic dose, prevents conditioned fear stress-induced freezing behavior in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1999, 143: 20-23. 10.1007/s002130050914.
Article
Google Scholar
Blier P, Szabo ST: Potential mechanisms of action of atypical antipsychotic medications in treatment-resistant depression and anxiety. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005, 66 (suppl 8): 30-40.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Szabo ST, Blier P: Serotonin (1A) receptor ligands act on norepinephrine neuron firing through excitatory amino acid and GABA(A) receptors: a microiontophoretic study in the rat locus coeruleus. Synapse. 2001, 42: 203-212. 10.1002/syn.10009.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Stockmeier CA, DiCarlo JJ, Zhang Y, Thompson P, Meltzer HY: Characterization of typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs based on in vivo occupancy of serotonin2 and dopamine2 receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1993, 266 (3): 1374-1384.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dobscha SK, Delucchi K, Young ML: Adherence with referrals for outpatient follow-up from a VA psychiatric emergency room. Community Ment Health J. 1999, 35 (5): 451-8. 10.1023/A:1018786512676.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Killaspy H, Banerjee S, King M, Lloyd M: Prospective controlled study of psychiatric out-patient non-attendance. Characteristics and outcome. Br J Psychiatry. 2000, 176: 160-5. 10.1192/bjp.176.2.160.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zvolensky M, Bernstein A: Cigarette smoking and panic psychopathology. Curr Dir Psychological Sci. 2005, 14: 301-305. 10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00386.x.
Article
Google Scholar