Gilman S, Wenning GK, Low PA, Brooks DJ, Mathias CJ, Trojanowski JQ, et al. Second consensus statement on the diagnosis of multiple system atrophy. Neurology. 2008;71:670–6.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Bower JH, Maraganore DM, McDonnell SK, Rocca WA. Incidence of progressive supranuclear palsy and multiple system atrophy in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1976 to 1990. Neurology. 1997;49:1284–8.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Schrag A, Ben-Shlomo Y, Quinn NP. Prevalence of progressive supranuclear palsy and multiple system atrophy: a cross-sectional study. Lancet. 1999;354:1771–5.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Wenning GK, Colosimo C, Geser F, Poewe W. Multiple system atrophy. Lancet Neurol. 2004;3:93–103.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Vanacore N. Epidemiological evidence on multiple system atrophy. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2005;112:1605–12.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Bjornsdottir A, Gudmundsson G, Blondal H, Olafsson E. Incidence and prevalence of multiple system atrophy: a nationwide study in Iceland. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2013;84:136–40.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ciolli L, Krismer F, Nicoletti F, Wenning GK. An update on the cerebellar subtype of multiple system atrophy. Cerebellum Ataxias. 2014;1:14.
Fanciulli A, Wenning GK. Multiple-system atrophy. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:249–63.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Watanabe H, Saito Y, Terao S, Ando T, Kachi T, Mukai E, et al. Progression and prognosis in multiple system atrophy: an analysis of 230 Japanese patients. Brain. 2002;125:1070–83.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Yabe I, Soma H, Takei A, Fujiki N, Yanagihara T, Sasaki H. MSA-C is the predominant clinical phenotype of MSA in Japan: analysis of 142 patients with probable MSA. J Neurol Sci. 2006;249:115–21.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Owen MJ, Sawa A, Mortensen PB. Schizophrenia. Lancet. 2016;388:86–97.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Mueser KT, McGurk SR. Schizophrenia. Lancet. 2004;363(9426):2063–72.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Leucht S, Cipriani A, Spineli L, Mavridis D, Orey D, Richter F, et al. Comparative efficacy and tolerability of 15 antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis. Lancet. 2013;382(9896):951–62.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Dejerine J, Thomas A. L’ atrophie olivo-ponto-cérébelleuse. Nouvelle iconographie de la Salpêtrière. 1900;13:330–70.
Google Scholar
Shy GM, Drager GA. A neurological syndrome associated with orthostatic hypotension: a clinical-pathologic study. Arch Neurol. 1960;2:511–27.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Van Eecken HAR. Van Bogaert, L Striatopallidal-nigral degeneration. J Neuropath Exp Neurol. 1960;19:159–66.
Google Scholar
Papp MI, Kahn JE, Lantos PL. Glial cytoplasmic inclusions in the CNS of patients with multiple system atrophy (striatonigral degeneration, olivopontocerebellar atrophy and shy-Drager syndrome). J Neurol Sci. 1989;94:79–100.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Wakabayashi K, Yoshimoto M, Tsuji S, Takahashi H. Alpha-synuclein immunoreactivity in glial cytoplasmic inclusions in multiple system atrophy. Neurosci Lett. 1998;249:180–2.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Goedert M, Jakes R, Spillantini MG. The Synucleinopathies: twenty years on. J Parkinsons Dis. 2017;7(Suppl 1):S53–71.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gilman S, Low PA, Quinn N, Albanese A, Ben-Shlomo Y, Fowler CJ, et al. Consensus statement on the diagnosis of multiple system atrophy. J Auton Nerv Syst. 1998;74:189–92.
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Low PA, Reich SG, Jankovic J, Shults CW, Stern MB, Novak P, et al. Natural history of multiple system atrophy in the USA: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Neurol. 2015;14:710–9.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kim HJ, Jeon BS, Lee JY, Yun JY. Survival of Korean patients with multiple system atrophy. Mov Disord. 2011;26:909–12.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ben-Shlomo Y, Wenning GK, Tison F, Quinn NP. Survival of patients with pathologically proven multiple system atrophy: a meta-analysis. Neurology. 1997;48:384–93.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Wenning GK, Geser F, Krismer F, Seppi K, Duerr S, Boesch S, et al. The natural history of multiple system atrophy: a prospective European cohort study. Lancet Neurol. 2013;12:264–74.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Schrag A, Wenning GK, Quinn N, Ben-Shlomo Y. Survival in multiple system atrophy. Mov Disord. 2008;23:294–6.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Shimohata TOT, Nakayama H, Tomita M, Shinoda H, Nishizawa M. Frequency of nocturnal sudden death in patients with multiple system atrophy. J Neurol. 2008;255:1483–5.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Fereshtehnejad SM, Lökk J. Orthostatic hypotension in patients with Parkinson's disease and atypical parkinsonism. Parkinsons Dis. 2014;2014:475854.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Pavy-Le Traon A, Piedvache A, Perez-Lloret S, Calandra-Buonaura G, Cochen-De Cock V, Colosimo C, et al. New insights into orthostatic hypotension in multiple system atrophy: a European multicentre cohort study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2016;87:554–61.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Sun Z, Jia D, Shi Y, Hou X, Yang X, Guo J, et al. Prediction of orthostatic hypotension in multiple system atrophy and Parkinson disease. Sci Rep. 2016;12:21649.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Sakakibara R, Hattori T, Uchiyama T, Kita T, Asahina M, Suzuki A, et al. Urinary dysfunction and orthostatic hypotension in multiple system atrophy: which is the more common and earlier manifestation? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2000;68:65–9.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Wenning GK, Shephard B, Hawkes C, Petruckevitch A, Lees A, Quinn N. Olfactory function in atypical parkinsonian syndromes. Acta Neurol Scand. 1995;91:247–50.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Haehner A, Hummel T, Reichmann H. Olfactory dysfunction as a diagnostic marker for Parkinson's disease. Expert Rev Neurother. 2009;9:1773–9.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Kikuchi A, Baba T, Hasegawa T, Sugeno N, Konno M, Takeda A. Differentiating Parkinson's disease from multiple system atrophy by [123I] meta-iodobenzylguanidine myocardial scintigraphy and olfactory test. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2011;17:698–700.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Garland EM, Raj SR, Peltier AC, Robertson D, Biaggioni I. A cross-sectional study contrasting olfactory function in autonomic disorders. Neurology. 2011;76:456–60.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Suzuki M, Hashimoto M, Yoshioka M, Murakami M, Kawasaki K, Urashima M. The odor stick identification test for Japanese differentiates Parkinson's disease from multiple system atrophy and progressive supra nuclear palsy. BMC Neurol. 2011;11:157.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Doty RL. Olfactory dysfunction in Parkinson disease. Nat Rev Neurol. 2012;8:329–39.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Krismer F, Pinter B, Mueller C, Mahlknecht P, Nocker M, Reiter E, et al. Sniffing the diagnosis: olfactory testing in neurodegenerative parkinsonism. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2017;35:36–41.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Goldstein DS, Holmes C, Bentho O, Sato T, Moak J, Sharabi Y, et al. Biomarkers to detect central dopamine deficiency and distinguish Parkinson disease from multiple system atrophy. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2008;14:600–7.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Fujita H, Suzuki K, Numao A, Watanabe Y, Uchiyama T, Miyamoto T, et al. Usefulness of cardiac MIBG scintigraphy, olfactory testing and substantia Nigra Hyperechogenicity as additional diagnostic markers for distinguishing between Parkinson's disease and atypical parkinsonian syndromes. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0165869.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Constantinescu R, Richard I, Kurlan R. Levodopa responsiveness in disorders with parkinsonism: a review of the literature. Mov Disord. 2007;22:2141–8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wenning GK, Tison F, Ben Shlomo Y, Daniel SE, Quinn NP. Multiple system atrophy: a review of 203 pathologically proven cases. Mov Disord. 1997;12:133–47.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Feng JY, Huang B, Yang WQ, Zhang YH, Wang LM, Wang LJ, et al. The putaminal abnormalities on 3.0T magnetic resonance imaging: can they separate parkinsonism-predominant multiple system atrophy from Parkinson's disease? Acta Radiol. 2015;56:322–8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Massey LA, Micallef C, Paviour DC, O'Sullivan SS, Ling H, Williams DR, et al. Conventional magnetic resonance imaging in confirmed progressive supranuclear palsy and multiple system atrophy. Mov Disord. 2012;27:1754–62.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Taki J, Yoshita M, Yamada M, Tonami N. Significance of 123I-MIBG scintigraphy as a pathophysiological indicator in the assessment of Parkinson's disease and related disorders: it can be a specific marker for Lewy body disease. Ann Nucl Med. 2004;18:453–61.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Raffel DM, Koeppe RA, Little R, Wang CN, Liu S, Junck L, et al. PET measurement of cardiac and nigrostriatal denervation in parkinsonian syndromes. J Nucl Med. 2006;47:1769–77.
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Jin S, Oh M, Oh SJ, Lee SJ, Chung SJ, Lee CS, et al. Differential diagnosis of parkinsonism using dual-phase F-18 FP-CIT PET imaging. Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2013;47:44–51.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mateos JJ, Lomeña F, Parellada E, Font M, Fernandez E, Pavia J, et al. Decreased striatal dopamine transporter binding assessed with [123I] FP-CIT in first-episode schizophrenic patients with and without short-term antipsychotic-induced parkinsonism. Psychopharmacology. 2005;181:401–6.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Mateos JJ, Lomeña F, Parellada E, Font M, Fernández E, Pavia J, et al. Striatal dopamine transporter density decrease in first episode schizophrenic patients treated with risperidone. Rev Esp Med Nucl. 2006;25:159–65.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Mateos JJ, Lomeña F, Parellada E, Mireia F, Fernandez-Egea E, Pavia J, et al. Lower striatal dopamine transporter binding in neuroleptic-naive schizophrenic patients is not related to antipsychotic treatment but it suggests an illness trait. Psychopharmacology. 2007;191:805–11.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Tinazzi M, Ottaviani S, Isaias IU, Pasquin I, Steinmayr M, Vampini C, et al. [123I]FP-CIT SPET imaging in drug-induced parkinsonism. Mov Disord. 2008;23:1825–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tinazzi M, Antonini A, Bovi T, Pasquin I, Steinmayr M, Moretto G, et al. Clinical and [123I]FP-CIT SPET imaging follow-up in patients with drug-induced parkinsonism. J Neurol. 2009;256:910–5.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tinazzi M, Cipriani A, Matinella A, Cannas A, Solla P, Nicoletti A, et al. [123I]FP-CIT single photon emission computed tomography findings in drug-induced parkinsonism. Schizophr Res. 2012;139:40–5.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tinazzi M, Morgante F, Matinella A, Bovi T, Cannas A, Solla P, et al. Imaging of the dopamine transporter predicts pattern of disease progression and response to levodopa in patients with schizophrenia and parkinsonism: a 2-year follow-up multicenter study. Schizophr Res. 2014;152:344–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kurata T, Kametaka S, Ohta Y, Morimoto N, Deguchi S, Deguchi K, et al. PSP as distinguished from CBD, MSA-P and PD by clinical and imaging differences at an early stage. Intern Med. 2011;50:2775–81.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Boxer AL, Geschwind MD, Belfor N, Gorno-Tempini ML, Schauer GF, Miller BL, et al. Patterns of brain atrophy that differentiate corticobasal degeneration syndrome from progressive supranuclear palsy. Arch Neurol. 2006;63:81–6.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Okada N, Fukunaga M, Yamashita F, Koshiyama D, Yamamori H, Ohi K, et al. Abnormal asymmetries in subcortical brain volume in schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry. 2016;21:1460–6.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Van Erp TG, Hibar DP, Rasmussen JM, Glahn DC, Pearlson GD, Andreassen OA, et al. Subcortical brain volume abnormalities in 2028 individuals with schizophrenia and 2540 healthy controls via the ENIGMA consortium. Mol Psychiatry. 2016;21:547–53.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Hooten WM, Melin G, Richardson JW. Response of the parkinsonian symptoms of multiple system atrophy to ECT. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155:1628.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Roane DM, Rogers JD, Helew L, Zarate J. Electroconvulsive therapy for elderly patients with multiple system atrophy: a case series. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2000;8:171–4.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Parsa MA, Simon M, Dubrow C, Ramirez LF, Meltzer HY. Psychiatric manifestations of olivo-ponto-cerebellar atrophy and treatment with clozapine. Int J Psychiatry Med. 1993;23:149–56.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Ehrt U, Brieger P, Broich K, Marneros A. Psychotic symptoms as initial manifestation of a multiple system atrophy. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr. 1999;67:104–7.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Benrud-Larson LM, Sandroni P, Schrag A, Low PA. Depressive symptoms and life satisfaction in patients with multiple system atrophy. Mov Disord. 2005;20:951–7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Duggal HS. Cognitive affective psychosis syndrome in a patient with sporadic olivopontocerebellar atrophy. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2005;17:260–2.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Malone D, Dennis MS. Multiple system atrophy and hallucinations--a short report. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2005;20:699–700.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Papapetropoulos S, Tuchman A, Laufer D, Mash DC. Hallucinations in multiple system atrophy. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2007;13:193–4.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Schrag A, Sheikh S, Quinn NP, Lees AJ, Selai C, Mathias C, et al. A comparison of depression, anxiety, and health status in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy and multiple system atrophy. Mov Disord. 2010;25:1077–81.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zhang LY, Cao B, Zou YT, Wei QQ, Ou RW, Zhao B, et al. Depression and anxiety in multiple system atrophy. Acta Neurol Scand. 2017;137:33–7.
Tkachev D, Mimmack ML, Ryan MM, Wayland M, Freeman T, Jones PB, et al. Oligodendrocyte dysfunction in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Lancet. 2003;362:798–805.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Takahashi N, Sakurai T, Davis KL, Buxbaum JD. Linking oligodendrocyte and myelin dysfunction to neurocircuitry abnormalities in schizophrenia. Prog Neurobiol. 2011;93:13–24.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Miyata S, Hattori T, Shimizu S, Ito A, Tohyama M. Disturbance of oligodendrocyte function plays a key role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and major depressive disorder. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:492367.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Spokes EG, Bannister R, Oppenheimer DR. Multiple system atrophy with autonomic failure: clinical, histological and neurochemical observations on four cases. J Neurol Sci. 1979;43:59–82.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar