Gowing LR, Ali RL, Allsop S, Marsden J, Turf EE, West R, Witton J. Global statistics on addictive behaviours: 2014 status report. Addiction. 2015;110(6):904–19.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Schrot RJ, Hubbard JR. Cannabinoids: Medical implications. Ann Med. 2016;48(3):128–41.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Park JY, Wu LT. Prevalence, reasons, perceived effects, and correlates of medical marijuana use: a review. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017;177:1–13.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Suryadevara U, Bruijnzeel DM, Nuthi M, Jagnarine DA, Tandon R, Bruijnzeel AW. Pros and cons of medical Cannabis use by people with chronic brain disorders. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2017;15(6):800–14.
Article
CAS
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Osborn LA, Lauritsen KJ, Cross N, Davis AK, Rosenberg H, Bonadio F, Lang B. Self-medication of somatic and psychiatric conditions using botanical marijuana. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2015;47(5):345–50.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sarvet AL, Wall MM, Keyes KM, Olfson M, Cerda M, Hasin DS. Self-medication of mood and anxiety disorders with marijuana: higher in states with medical marijuana laws. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018;186:10–5.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Crippa JA, Zuardi AW, Martin-Santos R, Bhattacharyya S, Atakan Z, McGuire P, Fusar-Poli P. Cannabis and anxiety: a critical review of the evidence. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2009;24(7):515–23.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lev-Ran S, Roerecke M, Le Foll B, George TP, McKenzie K, Rehm J. The association between cannabis use and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychol Med. 2014;44(4):797–810.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Murray RM, Englund A, Abi-Dargham A, Lewis DA, Di Forti M, Davies C, Sherif M, McGuire P, D'Souza DC. Cannabis-associated psychosis: neural substrate and clinical impact. Neuropharmacology. 2017;124:89–104.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Willi TS, Honer WG, Thornton AE, Gicas K, Procyshyn RM, Vila-Rodriguez F, Panenka WJ, Aleksic A, Leonova O, Jones AA, et al. Factors affecting severity of positive and negative symptoms of psychosis in a polysubstance using population with psychostimulant dependence. Psychiatry Res. 2016;240:336–42.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Grucza RA, Vuolo M, Krauss MJ, Plunk AD, Agrawal A, Chaloupka FJ, Bierut LJ. Cannabis decriminalization: a study of recent policy change in five U.S. states. Int J Drug Policy. 2018;59:67–75.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hajizadeh M. Legalizing and regulating marijuana in Canada: review of potential economic, social, and health impacts. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2016;5(8):453–6.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Haug NA, Kieschnick D, Sottile JE, Babson KA, Vandrey R, Bonn-Miller MO. Training and practices of Cannabis dispensary staff. Cannabis and cannabinoid research. 2016;1(1):244–51.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Klieger SB, Gutman A, Allen L, Pacula RL, Ibrahim JK, Burris S. Mapping medical marijuana: state laws regulating patients, product safety, supply chains and dispensaries, 2017. Addiction. 2017;112(12):2206–16.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lough S. Dispensaries: the wild West of Vancouver. Cmaj. 2015;187(11):E345–6.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sexton M, Cuttler C, Finnell JS, Mischley LK. A Cross-sectional survey of medical Cannabis users: patterns of use and perceived efficacy. Cannabis and cannabinoid research. 2016;1(1):131–8.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Piper BJ, Beals ML, Abess AT, Nichols SD, Martin MW, Cobb CM, DeKeuster RM. Chronic pain patients' perspectives of medical cannabis. Pain. 2017;158(7):1373–9.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Corroon JM Jr, Mischley LK, Sexton M. Cannabis as a substitute for prescription drugs - a cross-sectional study. J Pain Res. 2017;10:989–98.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. J Health Soc Behav. 1983;24(4):385–96.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cella D, Lai JS, Jensen SE, Christodoulou C, Junghaenel DU, Reeve BB, Stone AA. PROMIS fatigue item Bank had clinical validity across diverse chronic conditions. J Clin Epidemiol. 2016;73:128–34.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Buysse DJ, Yu L, Moul DE, Germain A, Stover A, Dodds NE, Johnston KL, Shablesky-Cade MA, Pilkonis PA. Development and validation of patient-reported outcome measures for sleep disturbance and sleep-related impairments. Sleep. 2010;33(6):781–92.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Moore AA, Neale MC, Silberg JL, Verhulst B. Substance use and depression symptomatology: measurement invariance of the Beck depression inventory (BDI-II) among non-users and frequent-users of alcohol, Nicotine and Cannabis. PLoS One. 2016;11(4):e0152118.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kocalevent RD, Hinz A, Brahler E. Standardization of a screening instrument (PHQ-15) for somatization syndromes in the general population. BMC Psychiatry. 2013;13:91.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Keller S, Bann CM, Dodd SL, Schein J, Mendoza TR, Cleeland CS. Validity of the brief pain inventory for use in documenting the outcomes of patients with noncancer pain. Clin J Pain. 2004;20(5):309–18.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pomerleau CS, Carton SM, Lutzke ML, Flessland KA, Pomerleau OF. Reliability of the Fagerstrom tolerance questionnaire and the Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence. Addict Behav. 1994;19(1):33–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Group PC: User Manual: Patient-reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS), Version 1.1. Unpublished Manual for the Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS). In.; 2008.
Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J. An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1961;4:561–71.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-15: validity of a new measure for evaluating the severity of somatic symptoms. Psychosom Med. 2002;64(2):258–66.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cleeland CS, Ryan KM. Pain assessment: global use of the brief pain inventory. Ann Acad Med Singap. 1994;23(2):129–38.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Heatherton TF, Kozlowski LT, Frecker RC, Fagerstrom KO. The Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence: a revision of the Fagerstrom tolerance questionnaire. Br J Addict. 1991;86(9):1119–27.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sheehan DV, Lecrubier Y, Sheehan KH, Amorim P, Janavs J, Weiller E, Hergueta T, Baker R, Dunbar GC. The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998;59(Suppl 20):22–33 quiz 34–57.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Alexander PD, Gicas KM, Willi TS, Kim CN, Boyeva V, Procyshyn RM, Smith GN, Thornton AE, Panenka WJ, Jones AA, et al. A comparison of psychotic symptoms in subjects with methamphetamine versus cocaine dependence. Psychopharmacology. 2017;234(9–10):1535–47.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Willi TS, Lang DJ, Honer WG, Smith GN, Thornton AE, Panenka WJ, Procyshyn RM, Vila-Rodriguez F, Su W, Vertinsky AT, et al. Subcortical grey matter alterations in cocaine dependent individuals with substance-induced psychosis compared to non-psychotic cocaine users. Schizophr Res. 2016;176(2–3):158–63.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Vila-Rodriguez F, Panenka WJ, Lang DJ, Thornton AE, Vertinsky T, Wong H, Barr AM, Procyshyn RM, Sidhu JJ, Smith GN, et al. The hotel study: multimorbidity in a community sample living in marginal housing. Am J Psychiatry. 2013;170(12):1413–22.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Alexander PD, Gicas KM, Cheng A, Lang DJ, Procyshyn RM, Vertinsky AT, Panenka WJ, Thornton AE, Rauscher A, Wong JYX, et al. A comparison of regional brain volumes and white matter connectivity in subjects with stimulant induced psychosis versus schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology. 2019.
Tang VM, Lang DJ, Giesbrecht CJ, Panenka WJ, Willi T, Procyshyn RM, Vila-Rodriguez F, Jenkins W, Lecomte T, Boyda HN, et al. White matter deficits assessed by diffusion tensor imaging and cognitive dysfunction in psychostimulant users with comorbid human immunodeficiency virus infection. BMC Res Notes. 2015;8:515.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lecomte T, Mueser KT, MacEwan W, Thornton AE, Buchanan T, Bouchard V, Goldner E, Brink J, Lang D, Kang S, et al. Predictors of persistent psychotic symptoms in persons with methamphetamine abuse receiving psychiatric treatment. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2013;201(12):1085–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Procyshyn RM, Barr AM, Brickell T, Honer WG. Medication errors in psychiatry: a comprehensive review. CNS Drugs. 2010;24(7):595–609.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Whitney Z, Procyshyn RM, Fredrikson DH, Barr AM. Treatment of clozapine-associated weight gain: a systematic review. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2015;71(4):389–401.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tse L, Procyshyn RM, Fredrikson DH, Boyda HN, Honer WG, Barr AM. Pharmacological treatment of antipsychotic-induced dyslipidemia and hypertension. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2014;29(3):125–37.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pearson C, Janz T, Ali J: Mental and substance use disorders in Canada. In: Health at a Glance. Statistics Canada; 2013.
Albert PR. Why is depression more prevalent in women? J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2015;40(4):219–21.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Patten SB, Williams JV, Bulloch AG. Major depressive episodes and mortality in the Canadian household population. J Affect Disord. 2019;242:165–71.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
McLean CP, Asnaani A, Litz BT, Hofmann SG. Gender differences in anxiety disorders: prevalence, course of illness, comorbidity and burden of illness. J Psychiatr Res. 2011;45(8):1027–35.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zaller N, Topletz A, Frater S, Yates G, Lally M. Profiles of medicinal cannabis patients attending compassion centers in Rhode Island. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2015;47(1):18–23.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kepple NJ, Mulholland E, Freisthler B, Schaper E. Correlates of amount spent on marijuana buds during a discrete purchase at medical marijuana dispensaries: results from a pilot study. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2016;48(1):50–5.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cohen NL, Heinz AJ, Ilgen M, Bonn-Miller MO. Pain, Cannabis species, and Cannabis use disorders. Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs. 2016;77(3):515–20.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Haug NA, Padula CB, Sottile JE, Vandrey R, Heinz AJ, Bonn-Miller MO. Cannabis use patterns and motives: a comparison of younger, middle-aged, and older medical cannabis dispensary patients. Addict Behav. 2017;72:14–20.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Vadivelu N, Lumermann L, Zhu R, Kodumudi G, Elhassan AO, Kaye AD. Pain control in the presence of drug addiction. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2016;20(5):35.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hartwell EE, Pfeifer JG, McCauley JL, Moran-Santa Maria M, Back SE. Sleep disturbances and pain among individuals with prescription opioid dependence. Addict Behav. 2014;39(10):1537–42.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Levola J, Aalto M, Holopainen A, Cieza A, Pitkanen T. Health-related quality of life in alcohol dependence: a systematic literature review with a specific focus on the role of depression and other psychopathology. Nord J Psychiatry. 2014;68(6):369–84.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Manning K, Garey L, Paulus DJ, Buckner JD, Hogan JBD, Schmidt NB, Zvolensky MJ. Typology of cannabis use among adults: a latent class approach to risk and protective factors. Addict Behav. 2018;92:6–13.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Benschop A, Liebregts N, van der Pol P, Schaap R, Buisman R, van Laar M, van den Brink W, de Graaf R, Korf DJ. Reliability and validity of the marijuana motives measure among young adult frequent cannabis users and associations with cannabis dependence. Addict Behav. 2015;40:91–5.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Khantzian EJ. The self-medication hypothesis of addictive disorders: focus on heroin and cocaine dependence. Am J Psychiatry. 1985;142(11):1259–64.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar