Table 3 Independent Predictors of Academic performance in (Lower classes 2-4) and (Upper classes 5-7) after Interventiona
Parameter | Category | Aggregate | English | Kiswahili | Mathematics | Science | Social Studies |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β(95%C.I β) | β(95%C.I β) | β(95%C.I β) | β(95%C.I β) | β(95%C.I β) | β(95%C.I β) | ||
Lower classes (2-4) | |||||||
Gender | Female | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Male | 1.93(-3.55 to 7.41) | 0.08(-1.69 to 1.86) | 0.80(-1.33 to 2.92) | 0.37(-2.00 to 2.74) | 0.11(-1.96 to 2.18) | 1.09(-0.92 to 3.11) | |
Guardianship | Both Parents | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Single parent | 3.27(-7.34 to 13.88) | 1.54(-1.91 to 4.98) | 2.71(-1.40 to 6.83) | 0.86(-3.73 to 5.46) | 0.09(-3.93 to 4.10) | -2.63(-6.53 to 1.28) | |
Others | -5.49(-19.89 to 8.91) | 0.28(-4.39 to 4.96) | -3.9(-9.48 to 1.68) | -0.97(-7.21 to 5.26) | -1.64(-7.09 to 3.8) | 0.64(-4.66 to 5.93) | |
Marital Status | Married | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Single/divorced | -4.01(-16.33 to 8.31) | -1.23(-5.23 to 2.77) | 0.62(-4.16 to 5.39) | -1.90(-7.24 to 3.43) | -3.44(-8.10 to 1.21) | 4.91(0.37 to 9.44)* | |
Fathers education level | Primary or less | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Secondary or more | 11.86(2.93 to 20.79)** | 2.92(0.02 to 5.82)* | 1.58(-1.88 to 5.04) | 3.43(-0.44 to 7.30) | -0.31(-3.69 to 3.07) | 4.82(1.54 to 8.11)** | |
Don’t know | 10.11(0.41 to 19.81)* | 1.73(-1.42 to 4.88) | 2.50(-1.26 to 6.26) | -0.30(-4.50 to 3.90) | -0.47(-4.14 to 3.20) | 4.51(0.94 to 8.08)* | |
Mothers education level | Primary or less | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Secondary or more | -5.31(-13.80 to 3.18) | -3.01(-5.77 to -0.26)* | -2.08(-5.37 to 1.21) | -0.03(-3.70 to 3.65) | 1.72(-1.49 to 4.93) | -3.77(-6.89 to -0.64)* | |
Don’t know | 4.67(-4.42 to 13.76) | -2.20(-5.15 to 0.75) | -1.13(-4.65 to 2.40) | 4.80(0.86 to 8.74)* | 2.36(-1.08 to 5.80) | 1.02(-2.32 to 4.36) | |
Fathers employment | Unemployed | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Employed | -2.08(-8.32 to 4.17) | -0.08(-2.11 to 1.95) | 2.08(-0.34 to 4.50) | -2.31(-5.01 to 0.39) | -2.5(-4.86 to -0.14)* | 0.30(-2.00 to 2.60) | |
Mothers employment | Unemployed | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Employed | 2.12(-4.26 to 8.50) | -0.52(-2.59 to 1.55) | 0.11(-2.37 to 2.58) | 1.91(-0.85 to 4.67) | 0.41(-2.01 to 2.82) | 0.15(-2.20 to 2.50) | |
Region | Peri-Urban | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Rural | 10.62(4.74 to 16.51)*** | -0.37(-2.28 to 1.54) | 0.18(-2.1 to 2.46) | 7.29(4.74 to 9.84)*** | 0.41(-1.81 to 2.64) | 2.93(0.77 to 5.10)** | |
Class | Two | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Three | -5.91(-13.44 to 1.62) | -0.78(-3.23 to 1.66) | -3.08(-6 to -0.17)* | -4.16(-7.42 to -0.90)* | 0.8(-2.04 to 3.65) | -0.22(-2.99 to 2.55) | |
Four | 5.09(-3.61 to 13.80) | 4.29(1.46 to 7.11)** | -5.85(-9.22 to -2.48)*** | -1.51(-5.28 to 2.26) | 3.93(0.64 to 7.22)* | 3.62(0.42 to 6.82)* | |
Attention | Attention | -0.47(-0.99 to 0.04) | 0.005(-0.16 to 0.17) | -0.01(-0.21 to 0.19) | -0.04(-0.27 to 0.18) | -0.28(-0.48 to -0.09)** | -0.13(-0.32 to 0.06) |
Internalizing | Internalizing | -0.11(-0.64 to 0.41) | -0.06(-0.23 to 0.11) | 0.06(-0.14 to 0.27) | 0.003(-0.22 to 0.23) | -0.02(-0.22 to 0.18) | -0.04(-0.24 to 0.15) |
Externalizing | Externalizing | -0.26(-0.79 to 0.26) | 0.03(-0.15 to 0.20) | 0.09(-0.11 to 0.30) | -0.17(-0.4 to 0.06) | -0.07(-0.27 to 0.13) | -0.09(-0.29 to 0.10) |
Total Problems | Total | 0.34(-0.58 to 1.25) | 0.05(-0.25 to 0.35) | -0.20(-0.55 to 0.16) | 0.11(-0.28 to 0.51) | 0.16(-0.19 to 0.50) | 0.12(-0.22 to 0.45) |
Age in years | Age | -1.20(-3.45 to 1.05) | -0.63(-1.36 to 0.10) | -0.28(-1.15 to 0.59) | -0.20(-1.17 to 0.78) | -0.43(-1.28 to 0.42) | 0.29(-0.54 to 1.12) |
Upper classes (5-7) | |||||||
Gender | Female | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Male | 1.95 (-3.04 to 6.93) | 1.13 (-0.40 to 2.66) | -0.56 (-2.45 to 1.33) | 1.56 (-0.74 to 3.85) | 0.54 (-1.75 to 2.84) | 0.10 (-1.70 to 1.90) | |
Guardianship | Both Parents | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Single parent | -5.34 (-15.07 to 4.39) | -2.76 (-5.75 to 0.23) | -4.72 (-8.40 to -1.04)* | 0.85 (-3.62 to 5.33) | 0.72 (-3.75 to 5.20) | 0.09 (-3.42 to 3.61) | |
Others | -7.53 (-19.19 to 4.12) | -3.25 (-6.83 to 0.32) | -3.04 (-7.45 to 1.37) | 2.85 (-2.51 to 8.21) | -2.29 (-7.66 to 3.07) | -2.31 (-6.52 to 1.90) | |
Marital Status | Married | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Single/divorced | 4.31 (-5.99 to 14.62) | 0.69 (-2.47 to 3.85) | 2.35 (-1.55 to 6.25) | -3.18 (-7.92 to 1.55) | 3.48 (-1.26 to 8.22) | 0.75 (-2.97 to 4.47) | |
Fathers education level | Primary or less | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Secondary or more | 5.06 (-0.90 to 11.02) | 1.62 (-0.21 to 3.45) | 2.02 (-0.24 to 4.28) | 1.12 (-1.63 to 3.86) | -0.83 (-3.57 to 1.91) | 1.27 (-0.88 to 3.42) | |
Don’t know | 3.41 (-4.43 to 11.26) | -0.52 (-2.93 to 1.89) | 1.64 (-1.33 to 4.61) | 1.26 (-2.35 to 4.87) | -1.17 (-4.78 to 2.44) | 2.67 (-0.17 to 5.50) | |
Mothers education level | Primary or less | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Secondary or more | -3.23 (-8.99 to 2.53) | -2.01 (-3.78 to -0.24)* | 0.74 (-1.44 to 2.92) | -0.93 (-3.58 to 1.71) | 0.42 (-2.23 to 3.07) | -0.90 (-2.98 to 1.18) | |
Don’t know | 0.38 (-7.17 to 7.94) | -1.04 (-3.36 to 1.28) | 1.99 (-0.87 to 4.85) | -0.57 (-4.04 to 2.90) | -1.67 (-5.15 to 1.80) | 1.10 (-1.62 to 3.83) | |
Fathers employment | Unemployed | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Employed | -0.52 (-5.98 to 4.95) | 0.02 (-1.66 to 1.70) | 0.46 (-1.61 to 2.53) | -0.27 (-2.78 to 2.25) | 0.11 (-2.41 to 2.63) | -1.03 (-3.01 to 0.94) | |
Mothers employment | Unemployed | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Employed | -3.04 (-8.04 to 1.95) | -0.35 (-1.88 to 1.19) | -1.31 (-3.20 to 0.58) | -0.48 (-2.77 to 1.82) | -1.64 (-3.94 to 0.66) | 1.28 (-0.52 to 3.08) | |
Region | Peri-Urban | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Rural | 8.37 (3.28 to 13.46)** | 2.73 (1.16 to 4.29)*** | -1.85 (-3.78 to 0.07) | -1.30 (-3.64 to 1.04) | 2.95 (0.61 to 5.30)* | 5.63 (3.79 to 7.47) *** | |
Class | Five | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Six | -7.70 (-13.25 to -2.15)** | -3.80 (-5.51 to -2.10)*** | 1.53 (-0.57 to 3.63) | 0.30 (-2.25 to 2.86) | -4.97 (-7.52 to -2.41)*** | -0.89 (-2.89 to 1.12) | |
Seven | 2.61 (-6.69 to 11.91) | -0.20 (-3.06 to 2.65) | 4.22 (0.70 to 7.74)* | 3.14 (-1.14 to 7.42) | -4.20 (-8.48 to 0.08) | -1.49 (-4.85 to 1.87) | |
Attention | Attention | -0.43 (-0.85 to -0.002)* | -0.05 (-0.18 to 0.08) | -0.01 (-0.17 to 0.15) | -0.03 (-0.23 to 0.16) | -0.16 (-0.35 to 0.04) | -0.13 (-0.28 to 0.03) |
Internalizing | Internalizing | -0.27 (-0.82 to 0.28) | -0.12 (-0.29 to 0.05) | -0.07 (-0.28 to 0.14) | -0.15 (-0.40 to 0.11) | 0.04 (-0.21 to 0.29) | 0.07 (-0.13 to 0.26) |
Externalizing | Externalizing | 0.10 (-0.38 to 0.58) | 0.06 (-0.08 to 0.21) | -0.01 (-0.19 to 0.18) | -0.16 (-0.39 to 0.06) | 0.11 (-0.11 to 0.33) | 0.03 (-0.14 to 0.21) |
Total Problems | Total | 0.62 (-0.18 to 1.43) | 0.16 (-0.09 to 0.41) | 0.10 (-0.20 to 0.41) | 0.19 (-0.18 to 0.56) | 0.10 (-0.27 to 0.47) | 0.002 (-0.29 to 0.29) |
Age in years | Age | -3.06 (-5.23 to -0.9)** | -0.74 (-1.41 to -0.08)* | 0.37 (-0.45 to 1.19) | -0.59 (-1.58 to 0.41) | -1.14 (-2.13 to -0.14)* | -0.64 (-1.43 to 0.14) |