Table 4 Linear Mixed Model Assessing Predictors of Academic performance in (Lower classes 2-4) and (Upper classes 5-7) after Interventiona
Parameter | Category | Aggregate | English | Kiswahili | Mathematics | Science | Social Studies |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β(95%C.I β) | β(95%C.I β) | β(95%C.I β) | β(95%C.I β) | β(95%C.I β) | β(95%C.I β) | ||
Lower classes (2-4) | |||||||
Gender | Female | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Male | -3.61(-9.96 to 2.74) | -3.98(-5.46 to -2.49)*** | -3.18(-4.76 to -1.6)*** | 1.16(-0.61 to 2.93) | 1.55(-0.22 to 3.32) | 1.0(-0.60 to 2.60) | |
Guardianship | Both Parents | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Single parent | -11.61(-23.71 to 0.49) | -1.2(-4.02 to 1.61) | -4.28(-7.3 to -1.27)** | 1.37(-4.73 to 1.99) | -1.85(-5.23 to 1.53) | -1.43(-4.44 to 1.58) | |
Others | 1.67(-14.41 to 17.74) | 0.14(-3.61 to 3.89) | -1.59(-5.63 to 2.44) | 3.89(-0.58 to 8.36) | -1.85(-6.34 to 2.63) | 0.67(-3.35 to 4.69) | |
Marital Status | Married | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Single/divorced | 4.0(-10.0 to 17.99) | -1.38(-4.65 to 1.88) | 1.39(-2.08 to 4.87) | -0.22(-4.09 to 3.65) | 3.2(-0.70 to 7.10) | -0.15(-3.66 to 3.33) | |
Fathers education level | Primary or less | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Secondary or more | 0.98(-9.17 to 11.13) | -0.41(-2.76 to 1.93) | 0.27(-2.23 to 2.77) | -1.52(-4.32 to 1.29) | 2.4(-0.41 to 5.21) | 0.44(-2.07 to 2.96) | |
Don’t know | -0.78(-11.85 to 10.30) | -1.18(-3.75 to 1.39) | -0.77(-3.55 to 2.01) | -1.3(-4.38 to 1.78) | 1.7(-1.40 to 4.79) | 0.36(-2.40 to 3.13) | |
Mothers education level | Primary or less | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Secondary or more | 2.86(-6.98 to 12.71) | 0.57(-1.70 to 2.84) | 1.04(-1.38 to 3.47) | 0.56(-2.15 to 3.28) | 0.04(-2.71 to 2.79) | 1.30(-1.14 to 3.75) | |
Don’t know | 2.46(-8.12 to 13.04) | 1.06(-1.39 to 3.51) | -0.36(-3.00 to 2.29) | 0.07(-2.89 to 3.03) | 0.07(-2.89 to 3.03) | 1.75(-0.89 to 4.40) | |
Fathers employment | Unemployed | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Employed | -3.74(-11.12 to 3.63) | -1.08(-2.81 to 0.64) | -0.31(-2.14 to 1.53) | -1.65(-3.67 to 0.38) | -0.46(-2.52 to 1.60) | -0.69(-2.51 to 1.13) | |
Mothers employment | Unemployed | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Employed | 6.65(-0.71 to 14.02) | 1.76(0.03 to 3.49)* | 0.99(-0.85 to 2.82) | 0.33(-1.73 to 2.39) | 2.06(-0.01 to 4.13)* | 1.42(-0.42 to 3.27) | |
Region | Peri-Urban | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Rural | 2.11(-13.55 to 17.19) | -2.59(-6.5 to 1.21) | -0.69(-3.82 to 2.27) | 1.30(-1.16 to 10.71) | 1.59(-2.28 to 5.67) | 0.77(-2.79 to 4.24) | |
Class | Two | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Three | -11.84(-35.18 to 9.01) | 1.33(-2.78 to 5.4) | 1.25(-2.86 to 5.00) | -5.74(-11.93 to -0.07) | -2.34(-7.95 to 2.76) | -5.00(-9.37 to -0.89)* | |
Four | -0.26(-20.53 to 18.2) | 3.80(0.17 to 7.29)* | 4.82(0.40 to 8.86)* | -5.51(-11.94 to 0.57) | -1.39(-6.84 to 3.64) | -0.51(-4.47 to 3.06) | |
Attention | Attention | -1.55(-2.33 to -0.78)*** | -0.31(-0.49 to -0.13)*** | -0.41(-0.60 to -0.22)*** | -0.29(-0.50 to -0.08)** | -0.22(-0.43 to -0.003)* | -0.27(-0.47 to -0.08)** |
Internalizing | Internalizing | 0.39(-0.38 to 1.16) | 0.22(0.04 to 0.4)* | 0.02(-0.17 to 0.21) | 0.05(-0.16 to 0.27) | 0.06(-0.16 to 0.27) | 0.07(-0.12 to 0.26) |
Externalizing | Externalizing | -0.05(-0.87 to 0.77) | 0.04(-0.15 to 0.23) | 0.004(-0.21 to 0.2) | -0.05(-0.28 to 0.17) | -0.04(-0.27 to 0.19) | -0.04(-0.24 to 0.16) |
Total Problems | Total | 0.30(-1.08 to 1.68) | -0.12(-0.44 to 0.20) | 0.14(-0.20 to 0.48) | 0.10(-0.28 to 0.48) | 0.09(-0.29 to 0.47) | 0.1(-0.24 to 0.44) |
Age in years | Age | -8.13(-10.67 to -5.58)*** | -1.95(-2.55 to -1.36)*** | -1.79(-2.43 to -1.16)*** | -1.24(-1.95 to -0.53)*** | -1.88(-2.6 to -1.17)*** | -1.50(-2.14 to -0.86)*** |
Time | Pre-Post | 14.09(8.08 to 20.1)*** | 3.60(2.20 to 4.99)*** | 4.26(2.76 to 5.75)*** | 1.30(-0.35 to 2.96) | 1.25(-0.43 to 2.92) | 3.99(2.48 to 5.49)*** |
Upper classes (5-7) | |||||||
Gender | Female | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Male | 7.80(2.77 to 12.83)** | -0.10(-1.25 to 1.06) | -0.57(-1.76 to 0.63) | 1.17(-0.38 to 2.73) | 4.84(3.20 to 6.48)*** | 2.75(1.46 to 4.04)*** | |
Guardianship | Both Parents | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Single parent | -5.28(-15.03 to 4.46) | -0.30(-2.53 to 1.92) | 0.002(-2.30 to 2.31) | -1.94(-4.93 to 1.06) | -3.11(-6.29 to 0.07) | 0.09(-2.44 to 2.62) | |
Others | 10.59(-1.13 to 22.31) | 1.82(-0.86 to 4.51) | 2.55(-0.23 to 5.34) | 1.97(-1.65 to 5.58) | 1.65(-2.18 to 5.48) | 3.10(0.10 to 6.10)* | |
Marital Status | Married | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Single/divorced | 14.99(4.77 to 25.21)** | 2.88(0.54 to 5.21)* | 2.34(-0.07 to 4.76) | 2.01(-1.14 to 5.17) | 5.19(1.85 to 8.54)** | 2.21(-0.42 to 4.84) | |
Fathers education level | Primary or less | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Secondary or more | 3.49(-2.49 to 9.46) | 0.92(-0.45 to 2.29) | 0.23(-1.20 to 1.66) | 0.81(-1.03 to 2.66) | 0.79(-1.17 to 2.75) | 0.43(-1.11 to 1.97) | |
Don’t know | -7.34(-15.34 to 0.65) | -0.87(-2.71 to 0.97) | -0.82(-2.74 to 1.10) | -2.07(-4.54 to 0.40) | -1.86(-4.48 to 0.75) | -2.10(-4.16 to -0.05)* | |
Mothers education level | Primary or less | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Secondary or more | 3.46(-2.39 to 9.31) | 0.76(-0.57 to 2.09) | 0.70(-0.68 to 2.08) | 0.96(-0.82 to 2.74) | -0.21(-2.11 to 1.69) | 0.98(-0.53 to 2.48) | |
Don’t know | 1.88(-6.11 to 9.87) | -1.03(-2.86 to 0.79) | -0.28(-2.18 to 1.62) | 2.67(0.20 to 5.13)* | -0.01(-2.64 to 2.62) | 0.45(-1.61 to 2.52) | |
Fathers employment | Unemployed | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Employed | -3.60(-9.21 to 2.02) | -0.74(-2.02 to 0.54) | -0.35(-1.68 to 0.99) | -2.04(-3.76 to -0.31)* | -1.27(-3.11 to 0.57) | 0.53(-0.91 to 1.98) | |
Mothers employment | Unemployed | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Employed | 1.24(-3.86 to 6.35) | -0.06(-1.22 to 1.11) | 0.29(-0.93 to 1.50) | 1.26(-0.32 to 2.84) | 0.26(-1.41 to 1.94) | 0.11(-1.20 to 1.42) | |
Region | Peri-Urban | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Rural | 28.33(6.82 to 50.09)*** | 1.8(-1.99 to 5.66) | 1.94(-1.68 to 5.74) | 11.61(6.43 to 16.60)*** | 3.6(-2.82 to 9.94) | 0.08(-6.11 to 6.45) | |
Class | Five | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Six | 11.15(1.65 to 21.26)* | 2.74(0.51 to 5.00)* | -0.13(-2.52 to 2.41) | 4.78(1.99 to 7.59)** | 1.70(-2.38 to 5.81) | 2.32(-0.05 to 4.94) | |
Seven | 24.42(7.52 to 40.86)** | 4.56(0.76 to 8.29)* | 1.99(-2.00 to 6.15) | 9.28(4.94 to 13.51)*** | 5.11(-0.96 to 10.95) | 4.27(0.13 to 8.54)* | |
Attentions problems | Attention | -0.82(-1.39 to -0.25)** | -0.15(-0.29 to -0.02)* | -0.18(-0.32 to -0.05)** | -0.19(-0.37 to -0.02)* | -0.18(-0.37 to 0.002) | -0.09(-0.24 to 0.06) |
Internalizing problems | Internalizing | 0.35(-0.42 to 1.12) | 0.09(-0.09 to 0.27) | 0.08(-0.1 to 0.27) | 0.22(-0.03 to 0.46) | 0.004(-0.25 to 0.26) | -0.01(-0.21 to 0.19) |
Externalizing problems | Externalizing | -0.72(-1.4 to -0.05)* | -0.17(-0.32 to -0.02)* | -0.03(-0.19 to 0.14) | 0.03(-0.18 to 0.24) | -0.27(-0.49 to -0.05)* | -0.21(-0.38 to -0.04)* |
Total Problems | Total | -0.07(-1.23 to 1.1) | -0.04(-0.3 to 0.23) | -0.11(-0.38 to 0.17) | -0.2(-0.56 to 0.16) | 0.06(-0.32 to 0.44) | 0.11(-0.19 to 0.41) |
Age in years | Age | -8.71(-11.01 to -6.42)*** | -1.83(-2.36 to -1.31)*** | -1.37(-1.92 to -0.82)*** | -2.00(-2.7 to -1.29)*** | -1.77(-2.52 to -1.02)*** | -1.61(-2.2 to -1.02)*** |
Time | Pre-Post | 11.44(6.06 to 16.82)*** | 2.61(1.38 to 3.84)*** | 0.91(-0.37 to 2.19) | 2.44(0.76 to 4.11)** | 2.41(0.65 to 4.16)** | 2.8(1.42 to 4.17)*** |