Table 4 Characteristics of interventions, stratified by types of interventions
Author, year | Study design | Intervention | Duration |
|---|---|---|---|
Web-based programmes (n = 16) | |||
Wang, 2016 [70•] | Single-group | - The Chinese version of My Trauma Recovery (CMTR): web-based self-help intervention program - 6 modules offering education and exercises for trauma recovery-related topics | 1 month |
Rotondi, 2005 [54•] | Feasibility (pilot RCT) | - Web-based psychoeducation programme (the Schizophrenia Guide software) that provided online group therapy with individual patients or with support persons and educational materials - Online therapy groups were with a) support persons only, b) PWS only, c) multifamily therapy group for both PWS and support persons | (duration of intervention not specified) |
Rice, 2020 [59•] | Feasibility (single-group) | - Entourage –online social anxiety intervention based on the Moderated Online Social Therapy (MOST) model (positive psychology, mindfulness and strength-based theories) - Features: an interface for users to build social connections; therapy comics and modules; a problem-solving discussion board - The therapy content is individually tailored to each participant by clinical moderators who can suggest specific content based on individual users’ treatment needs and goals. - Participants continued their in-person therapy at the same time at their local headspace centre | 12 weeks |
Rice, 2018 [60•] | Feasibility (single-group) | - Rebound – an online social therapy intervention programme based on the MOST model - Integrates social networking and individually-tailored interactive psychosocial interventions; helped users to identify key personal strengths using interactive online card-sort task and encourage users to put their strengths into action | 12 weeks |
O’Mahen, 2014 [55•] | Feasibility (pilot RCT) | - Netmums – a guided internet behavioural activation (BA) treatment - Online programme supplemented by resources on the Netmum website, online peer support and weekly phone call support from mental health workers | 12 sessions |
Moeini, 2019 [78•] | RCT | - The DAD (Dorehye Amozeshie Dokhtaran) website: depression improvement program - Based on Social Cognition Theory constructs - 7 modules in multimedia format with online assistance from psychiatrists, daily mood assessments and supplementary resources | 6 months |
Ludwig, 2020 [62•] | Feasibility (single-group) | - An online social media platform (‘Horyzons’) that integrates therapeutic content from CBT, positive psychology, mindfulness and meditation that can be used independently - To foster positive social connections among users, allowusers to discuss specific issues, receive support or suggestions and guided through problem-solving steps; track personal goals and share progress. - User content and activity suggestions are tailored to users’ individual strengths and goals | 12 weeks |
Lee, 2018 [71•] | Single-group | - Online imagery-based program - First phase: help patients to become more aware of their sensory experiences; second phase: mediate early-life trauma; third phase: address recent trauma; fourth phase: restore positive belief in oneself - Appropriate sound-enhanced imagery experiences aided relaxation and increased emotional impact of each treatment session | 4 weeks |
Kaplan, 2014 [83•] | RCT | - Internet-based parenting intervention - Experimental condition: online parenting course based in CBT techniques; peer support listserv via email - Active control condition: access to website with educational factsheets - Both groups continued to receive their usual health-care services | 3 months |
Kaplan, 2011 [79•] | RCT | - Listserv: unmoderated, unstructured Internet peer support Listserv (anonymous communication via group e-mail) - Bulletin board: unmoderated peer support | 12 months |
Interian, 2016 [84•] | RCT | - ‘Family of Heroes’ (FoH): Brief internet intervention - The training uses avatar characters that deliver psychoeducation and engage in simulated conversations concerning post-deployment stress and mental health treatment. - Stimulated conversations help family members choose statements that convey empathy and soften tone of conversation. Each conversational scenario focused on: de-escalating an argument, renegotiating household responsibilities, and encouraging VA mental health treatment-seeking. | 1 h |
Goodwin, 2018 [72•] | Single-group | - Psycho-Babble website: Internet Support Group (ISG) for depression - Provide fact-based information on mental health and access to a well-established ISG for primary care patients - Content based on National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) and MoodGYM online intervention | 6 weeks |
Ellis, 2011 [85•] | Feasibility (pilot RCT) | - Online CBT (MoodGym): 5-module (over 3 sessions) self-help program to reduce dysfunctional thinking, overcome negative feelings and identify relaxation strategies - Online peer support (MoodGarden): online mental health resource offering peer-based support and information on self-management, participants can also share their experiences on a message board | 3 weeks |
Campbell, 2019 [69•] | Feasibility (single-group) | - 6 KHL Circles (groups) conducted over a 12-month period - For each Circle, KHL Counselors posted psychoeducational material about family discord weekly and encouraged discussion activity and interaction between participants to address issues within the topics. | 8 weeks |
Bailey, 2020 [63•] | Feasibility (single-group) | - Affinity: enhanced online social networking intervention - Follows the MOST model: peer social networking, problem-solving forum, therapeutic content delivered via comics | 8 weeks |
Alvarez-Jimenez, 2018 [64•] | Feasibility (single-group) | - MOMENTUM program: strengths and mindfulness-based intervention - Merges interactive psychosocial intervention modules and online social networking - Content suggestions for each user tailored weekly based on user’s needs, interests and strengths. - Participants continued treatment within PACE Clinic | 2 months |
Phone-based interventions (n = 7) | |||
Price, 2014 [61•] | Feasibility (single-group) | - Daily automated messages were sent to participants after their discharge from the hospital using the Connecting to Help After Trauma (CHAT) program - Themes of messages included re-experiencing, avoidance and hypervigilance to provide informational support and to assess trauma symptoms after their injury | 15 days |
Pfeiffer, 2017 [57•] | Feasibility (single-group) | - Automated phone call intervention - Participants received weekly visits or phone calls from family/friend or a peer support specialist - Patient monitoring and feedback facilitated by weekly automated phone calls. The phone system utilized interactive voice response technology (IVR) – based on patients’ responses to the assessments via the system, their support persons will guide their phone interactions with the patients - Continued usual outpatient mental healthcare after discharge | 6 months |
Lim, 2020 [65•] | Feasibility (single-group) | - + Connect app: users are to complete tasks which were delivered via: text and images, Shared Experience Videos featuring young people with lived experiences, Expert Videos featuring academics introducing core concepts, Actor Videos featuring actors modelling social behaviours. - The app is gamified to increase engagement. There is also a mood evaluation tracker | 6 weeks |
Lim, 2019 [66•] | Feasibility (single-group) | − + Connect app | 6 weeks |
Hanssen, 2020 [56•] | Feasibility (pilot RCT) | - Schizophrenia Mobile Assessment and RealTime feedback application (SMARTapp) - The app was personalised for all participants, according to their personal preferences (answered at baseline) so they could access their coping strategies, comforting thoughts and relaxing activities at any time in-app - All participants completed up to six short Experience Sampling Method (ESM) questionnaires daily. | 3 weeks |
Gjerdingen, 2013 [67•] | Feasibility (pilot RCT) | - Peer telephone support: peer supporters provided educational, emotional and comparison support - Postpartum doula group: face-to-face postpartum doula services (24 h of services over 6 weeks), including education regarding infant care, practical support and emotional support - It was expected that all 3 groups would receive usual depression treatment from their health care providers | 3 months |
De Almeida, 2018 [73•] | Single-group | - weCOPE mobile application - 4-module intervention – symptom monitoring, problem-solving, anxiety-management and goal setting | 8 weeks |
Blended interventions (n = 7) | |||
Van Voorhees, 2008 [80•] | RCT | - CATCH-IT (Competent Adulthood Transition with Cognitive-Behavioral and Interpersonal Training) programme: based on Behavioural Activation, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT) techniques and a community resiliency concept - Teaches adolescents how to reduce behaviours that increase vulnerability for depressive disorders and increase behaviours that are thought to protect against depression | 14 modules |
Van Voorhees, 2005 [58•] | Feasibility (single-group) | - Online programme based on Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), Interpersonal Therapy (IPT) - Initial motivational interview (MI) and follow-up MI with a primary care physician (PCP) | 11 modules |
Saulsberry, 2013 [81•] | RCT | CATCH-IT internet-based program | 14 modules |
Marasinghe, 2012 [82•] | RCT | - Mobile follow-up treatment of 12 months - Face-to-face component: mediation and interventions to increase social support, reduce alcohol use - Online components: phone calls at various follow-up time points post-discharge to assess suicidality and mood, plan intervention, provide guidance for social support; access to audio messages; weekly motivational messages up to 26 weeks - The BMT was administered in addition to usual care throughout the study | 12 months |
Loi, 2016 [74•] | Single-group | - Internet program based on a local program for older adults (Internet for Seniors) - Training program to teach older adults Internet-using skills, sending or receiving emails. Apple iPads were used as the Touchscreen Technology | 6 weeks |
Dow, 2008 [68•] | Feasibility (single-group) | - Participants were trained for basic computer operation, Internet searching, sending/receiving emails, virus protection and avoiding dangers. - Participants were given a recycled personal computer to keep after the study - The intervention was carried out in person, in groups | 4 weeks |
Aschbrenner, 2016 [76•] | Single-group | - Group-based lifestyle intervention - Face-to-face component: weekly in-person weight management sessions, optional twice weekly group exercise sessions - Digital component (introduced in week 6): use of technology and social media (private Facebook group) to facilitate monitoring and peer support. Participants to post content related to healthy eating and exercise or described personal successes or challenges towards achieving lifestyle goals. Study staff regularly posted content related to topics covered in the group sessions, reminders to exercise, and tips for healthy eating | 24 weeks |
Socially assistive robot intervention(s) (n = 1) | |||
Chen, 2020 [75•] | Single-group | - 24-h Personal Assistive Robot (Paro) intervention: - Each participant given a Paro to keep for the intervention stage, they were free to choose when to interact with it, to take the Paro outside or put it aside. - Paro is a kind of animal companion robot and has the appearance of a baby harp seal. It is equipped with tactile sensors that monitor sound, light and touch. It can show human-like emotional reactions | 8 weeks of observation (usual care) and 8 weeks of intervention |
Virtual reality intervention(s) (n = 1) | |||
Pot-Kolder, 2018 [77•] | RCT | - Sessions of virtual-reality-based cognitive behavioural therapy (VR-CBT) - Participants move within four virtual social environments (street, bus, café and supermarket) which were individualised to match their paranoid fears of the patient. - Patients and therapists communicated during VR sessions to explore suspicious thoughts and drop safety behaviours during social situations. | 16 sessions over 8–12 weeks |