Skip to main content

Table 2 Gambling and mental disorders

From: The co-morbidity of DSM-V Gambling with DSM-V mental disorders and substance abuse in a Kenyan context of high risk schizophrenia

Variable

Category

Total N = 536

Gambling disorder*

χ2

d.f

p-value

No (N = 475)

Yes (N = 61)

Major Depressive Disorder

No

358 (66.8%)

323 (90.2%)

35 (9.8%)

2.75

1

0.097

Yes

178 (33.2%)

152 (85.4%)

26 (14.6%)

   

PTSD

No

336 (62.7%)

304 (90.5%)

32 (9.5%)

3.08

1

0.079

Yes

200 (37.3%)

171 (85.5%)

29 (14.5%)

   

Bulimia/Binge Eating Disorder

No

495 (92.4%)

440 (88.9%)

55 (11.1%)

0.47

1

0.495

Yes

41 (7.65%)

35 (85.4%)

6 (14.6%)

   

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

No

175 (32.6%)

165 (94.3%)

10 (5.7%)

8.27

1

0.004

Yes

361 (67.4%)

310 (85.9%)

51 (14.1%)

   

Panic Disorder

No

378 (70.5%)

340 (89.9%)

38 (10.1%)

2.24

1

0.134

Yes

158 (29.5%)

135 (85.4%)

23 (14.6%)

   

Psychosis

No

262 (48.9%)

243 (92.7%)

19 (7.3%)

8.66

1

0.003

Yes

274 (51.1%)

232 (84.7%)

42 (15.3%)

   

Agoraphobia

No

305 (57.0%)

286 (93.8%)

19 (6.2%)

17.71

1

 < 0.001

Yes

230 (43.0%)

189 (82.2%)

41 (17.8%)

   

Social Phobia

No

229 (42.7%)

212 (92.6%)

17 (7.4%)

6.21

1

0.013

Yes

307 (57.3%)

263 (85.7%)

44 (14.3%)

   

Alcohol Abuse/Dependence

No

388 (72.4%)

353 (91%)

35 (9%)

7.76

1

0.005

Yes

148 (27.6%)

122 (82.4%)

26 (17.6%)

   

Drug Abuse/Dependence

No

407 (75.9%)

369 (90.7%)

38 (9.3%)

7.01

1

0.008

Yes

129 (24.1%)

106 (82.2%)

23 (17.8%)

   

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

No

419 (78.2%)

374 (89.3%)

45 (10.7%)

0.78

1

0.377

Yes

117 (21.8%)

101 (86.3%)

16 (13.7%)

   

Somatization Disorder

No

364 (67.9%)

324 (89%)

40 (11%)

0.17

1

0.678

Yes

172 (32.1%)

151 (87.8%)

21 (12.2%)

   

Hypochondriasis

No

340 (63.4%)

306 (90%)

34 (10%)

1.76

1

0.185

Yes

196 (36.6%)

169 (86.2%)

27 (13.8%)

   

ASQ Autism

No Risk

441 (82.3%)

395 (89.6%)

46 (10.4%)

5.29

2

0.071

Low Risk

90 (16.8%)

77 (85.6%)

13 (14.4%)

   

High Risk

5 (0.93%)

3 (60%)

2 (40%)

   

Wercap Schizophrenia

Low Risk

263 (49.1%)

247 (93.9%)

16 (6.1%)

14.37

2

 < 0.001

Moderate Risk

6 (1.12%)

5 (83.3%)

1 (16.7%)

   

High Risk

267 (49.8%)

223 (83.5%)

44 (16.5%)

   

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Negative

533 (99.4%)

472 (88.6%)

61(11.4%)

0.39

1

0.534

Criteria met for ADHD, Predominately hyperactive/impulsive presentation

3 (0.56%)

3 (100%)

0 (0%)

   

Antisocial personality disorder

Negative

460 (85.8%)

417 (90.7%)

43 (9.3%)

32.80

2

 < 0.001

All criteria met except possible exclusion

52 (9.70%)

34 (65.4%)

18 (34.6%)

   

Indeterminate

24 (4.48%)

24 (100%)

0 (0%)

   

Conduct disorder

Negative

458 (85.4%)

420 (91.7%)

38 (8.3%)

48.16

2

 < 0.001

All criteria met except exclusion for Antisocial Personality

25 (4.66%)

12 (48%)

13 (52%)

   

Indeterminate

53 (9.89%)

43 (81.1%)

10 (18.9%)

   

Oppositional defiant disorder

Negative

520 (97.0%)

464 (89.2%)

56 (10.8%)

6.54

2

0.038

All criteria met except exclusion

9 (1.68%)

6 (66.7%)

3 (33.3%)

   

Indeterminate

7 (1.31%)

5 (71.4%)

2 (28.6%)

   
  1. * = row percentages; χ2 = chi-square test value; d.f = degree of freedom; p-value = significance level