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Visuospatial ability and attention as risk factors for suicidal ideation in middle-aged and elderly schizophrenia patients: a cross-sectional study

BMC Psychiatry volume 23, Article number: 765 (2023) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Schizophrenia patients have a high risk of suicide, and their cognition function is impaired with increasing age. The association between neurocognitive and suicidality in schizophrenia patients are heterogeneous. We aimed to explore the relationship between neurocognitive function and suicidal ideation in schizophrenia patients across age groups.

Methods

A total of 587 patients with schizophrenia were enrolled in this study. The schizophrenia patients were divided into young group (aged 18–44) and middle-aged and elderly group (aged 45–70). The schizophrenia patients were divided into suicidal ideation group and non-suicidal ideation group according to the evaluation results of the Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation. Insomnia symptoms were measured by the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). Psychotic symptoms were measured by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), and cognitive function was measured by the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS).

Results

There was a negative correlation between the age and attention scores of RBANS (P = 0.018). The young schizophrenia patients had higher risk of suicidality than middle-aged and elderly schizophrenia patients (P = 0.001). In the logistic regression analysis, the scores of ISI and positive symptoms scores of PANSS were associated with suicidal ideation among young schizophrenia patients (All P < 0.05). Age, BMI, the scores of ISI, general symptoms scores of PANSS, visuospatial scores of RBANS and attention scores of RBANS were associated with suicidal ideation in middle-aged and elderly schizophrenia patients (All P < 0.05).

Conclusions

High visuospatial scores of RBANS and attention scores of RBANS were risk factors for suicidal ideation in middle-aged and elderly schizophrenia patients.

Peer Review reports

Introduction

Schizophrenia (SZ) is a common mental disorder which has a prevalence of approximately 0.28% [1]. SZ patients usually have a higher rate of suicide [2] than the general population. The lifetime prevalence of suicide in individuals with SZ ranges from 10 to 50% [3]. SZ is estimated to reduce life expectancy by 10 to 20 years, and suicide is the biggest single cause of premature death that contributes to this shortened life span [4, 5]. Suicidal ideation is a significant predictor of suicide attempt [6]. Suicidal ideation among patients with SZ results in a 20-fold greater suicide rate than that observed in the general population [7]. Suicidal ideation seriously harms the patient’s quality of life [8]. Given that China has the largest number of SZ patients in the world [9], how to properly treat and care for these patients with suicidal ideation is meaningful.

Suicidality is a complex social phenomenon, which is closely related to sociological, psychological, and biological factors. The risk factors included demographic variables(such as younger age, male [10], and higher premorbid IQ [11]), clinical characteristics (such as chronic disease courses, younger age at onset, increased positive symptoms, decreased negative symptoms [12], insomnia symptoms [13], a greater level of insight [14] ,and fewer cognitive deficits [15]), sociological factors(such as poor social function, poor social support [16, 17]), and psychological factors (such as emotional problems, hopelessness (16), and psychological pain [18]).

Neurocognition is a basic function of the central nervous system, including a multitude of cognitive domains such as executive function, working memory, process speed, attention, and episodic memory [19]. Neurocognition impairment is an essential feature of SZ [20]. Previous studies have reported that preserved neurocognitive function are related to suicidality in SZ patients [15, 21, 22]. However, other studies reported that suicidality is not correlated with neurocognitive function in SZ patients [23,24,25]. The association between distinct neurocognitive domains and suicidality in SZ patients are largely inconclusive [15, 21, 22]. A study carried on outpatients with SZ has showed that attention, memory and verbal fluency are associated with suicidal ideation [26]. Delaney et al. has reported that attention and memory are associated with suicidal attempt [15]. Zhang et al. has found that only attention is associated with suicidal attempt in first-episode and drug-naive patients with SZ [21]. There are various reasons for these heterogeneous results among the previous studies, such as patient selection bias, different age, different definitions of suicidal categories and different dosage of antipsychotics. Most studies explored the relationship between neurocognition and suicidal attempt [15, 21], while few studies have been done to explore the correlation between neurocognition and suicidal ideation in SZ inpatients.

The neurocognitive impairment in SZ patients is common with the increasing age [20]. Previous study has reported that neurocognitive function is correlated negatively with age in SZ patients [27]. No significant difference is found between the SZ and normal comparison groups in slopes that depicted age-related variation [28]. Specifically, compared to controls, SZ patients has showed greater deteriorated performance with increasing age on attention and greater slowness for processing social information rather than working memory and verbal memory [29]. No study has been done to explore the relationship between distinct cognitive domains and suicidal ideation in SZ patients across age groups.

Given that there is no further study focused on the relationship between distinct cognitive domains and suicidal ideation in SZ patients across age groups., we aimed to explore the relationship between distinct cognitive domains and suicidal ideation in SZ patients across age groups. It might help us clarify the relationship between distinct cognitive domains and suicidal ideation in SZ patients across age groups.

Materials and methods

Participants

This is a cross-sectional descriptive and analytical study. Patients who were independently diagnosed with SZ by two psychiatrists at the Affiliated Kangning Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University were included in our study from December 2018 to December 2019. All patients were assessed by Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID). All patients were recruited from inpatients. The clinical research described in the manuscript was carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. This study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Kangning Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University. The informed consents were signed by the patients and their relatives. All patients met the inclusion criteria: (1) A diagnosis of SZ according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), (2) Age 18–70 years, (3) At stable phase of SZ, (4) Han Chinese ethnicity. The exclusion criteria: (1) Patients with a concomitant physical disease severe enough that they could not complete the measurements (e.g. cardiovascular, liver, kidney, gastrointestinal diseases, epilepsy or head injury, etc.), (2) The female patients who are pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or breastfeeding during the study period, (3) With a history of alcohol or other substance abuse or dependence, (4) Fail to complete scales.

Clinical measurements

A complete survey was performed using a case report form (CRF). Demographic and clinical data (age, sex, years of education, marital status (married, divorced or widowed), current smoking, and body mass index (BMI)) were documented when the patient was included. Family history of mental disease was also recorded on the CRF. Other clinical variables including age at onset and psychiatric drug equivalent dose were collected.

Definition of different age group

The SZ patients were divided into two group according to age. The SZ patients aged 18–44 were defined as young SZ group. The SZ patients aged 45–70 were defined as middle-aged and elderly SZ group.

Psychological assessment

Assessment of suicidal ideation

The Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation-Chinese Version (BSI-CV) (www.crisis.org.cn) was used to evaluate the current intensity of suicidal ideation, which was defined as thoughts about ending one’s own life (whether active (with a plan) or passive (with only a wish to die but no specific plan)) [30] among the patients with SZ [31]. Based on their scores for Items 4 or 5 on the Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation, we divided all chronic SZ patients into the SZ with suicidal ideation group and the SZ without suicidal ideation group. A score for Item 4 (desire to make an active suicidal attempt) or Item 5 (passive suicidal desire) of “weak” or “moderate to strong” indicated patients with suicidal ideation, and only when the scores of Item 4 and 5 were definitely “not” was the patient considered to have no suicidal ideation.

Assessment of insomnia, psychotic symptoms, cognitive function

The Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) was used to evaluate the severity of insomnia symptoms [32]. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was used to evaluate the severity of psychotic symptoms in SZ patients [33], which is consisted of three domains: positive symptoms, negative symptoms and general symptoms. The PANSS method derives from two established psychiatric rating scales for which interrater agreement and treatment sensitivity have been demonstrated [33]. PANSS has been widely used to assess the psychotic symptoms of SZ patients in China. The Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS), including attention, speech, visual span, immediate memory, and delayed memory dimensions, was used to evaluate cognitive function in this study [34]. We used the translated Chinese version of this test, which has established validity and test–retest reliability among patients with SZ and healthy controls [35]. All treatment information was reviewed and confirmed by a panel of experienced psychiatrists. All these scales have been widely used to assess clinical symptoms in patients with SZ. All assessments were performed independently by two professionally trained psychiatrists with a correlation coefficient greater than 0.8.

Statistical analysis

The results were presented as the means ± standard deviations (SDs) or medians (interquartile ranges) for continuous variables depending on the normal or non-normal distribution of data, while categorical variables were expressed as numbers (percentages). Normally distributed variables were compared using analysis of student’s t test and analysis of variance (ANOVA), while the Mann‒Whitney U test was used for non-normally distributed variables. In addition, variances with significant differences were confirmed by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Categorical variables were compared by the chi-squared test. The roles of demographic variables, clinical factors and neurocognitive function in suicidal ideation were checked by stepwise multivariate logistic regression analysis (forward: conditional model) after adjusting the potential risk factors for suicidal ideation. All statistical tests were performed with SPSS for Windows (Release 22.0; SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). Values of P < 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant in all tests.

Results

Demographic characteristics in chronic schizophrenia

A total of 587 patients with chronic SZ were enrolled in our study, which was sufficient after evaluation by G-power. Among 587 SZ patients, the average age of SZ patients was 46.07 ± 12.21 years old, their average years of education were 9.21 ± 3.10 years, and their average age at onset was 25.17 ± 7.55. The average duration of psychosis was 20.90 ± 11.59 years. The prevalence of suicidal ideation reached 23.5% in this study, which represented no significant difference in sex distribution. SZ patients with suicidal ideation had shorter duration of psychosis than SZ patients without suicidal ideation (18.36 ± 10.98 vs. 21.69 ± 11.67, t =-2.974, P = 0.003). There was a negative correlation between the age and attention scores of RBANS in the study (r=-0.099, P = 0.018) (Table 1). However, no correlation was found between age and other distinct cognitive domains in this study (All P > 0.05) (Table 1). Meanwhile, there was a negative correlation between the duration of psychosis and attention scores of RBANS in the study (r=-0.103, P = 0.013). There was a negative correlation between the duration of psychosis and immediate memory scores of RBANS in the study (r=-0.095, P = 0.021). However, no correlation was found between the duration of psychosis and other distinct cognitive domains in this study (All P > 0.05).

Table 1 The correlation between age and RBANS
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Demographic characteristics in chronic schizophrenia across age groups

The patients were divided into young SZ group (aged 18–44) and middle-aged and elderly SZ group (aged 45–70). The young SZ group had higher total scores of BSI than middle-aged and elderly SZ group (23.19 ± 20.39 vs. 18.09 ± 17.47, t = 3.201, P = 0.001) (Table 2). Moreover, the prevalence of suicidal ideation in young SZ group was higher than middle-aged and elderly SZ group (30.5% vs. 18.0%, χ 2 = 3.201, P < 0.001) (Table 2). The young SZ group was more likely to have younger age of onset, shorter duration of psychosis and smaller psychiatric drug equivalent dose than middle-aged and elderly SZ group(22.68 ± 5.70 vs. 27.13 ± 8.22, t =-7.731, P < 0.001; 11.86 ± 6.59 vs. 28.05 ± 9.51, t =-24.316, P < 0.001; 266.20 ± 211.71 vs. 389.22 ± 611.42, t =-3.395, P = 0.001)(Table 2).Meanwhile, the young SZ group was less smokers and had higher BMI than middle-aged and elderly SZ group (23.9% vs. 32.6%, χ 2 = 5.323, P = 0.021; 25.17 ± 4.36 vs. 24.40 ± 4.43, t = 2.100, P = 0.036)(Table 2).

Table 2 Clinical characteristics in young patients and middle-aged and elderly patients with chronic schizophrenia
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Demographic characteristics in SZ patients with or without suicidal ideation across age groups

Young SZ patients with suicidal ideation had higher scores of ISI than young SZ patients without suicidal ideation (4.37 ± 4.68 vs. 2.36 ± 2.92, t =-3.530, P = 0.001) (Table 3). Young SZ patients with suicidal ideation had higher total scores of PANSS than young SZ patients without suicidal ideation(80.00(71.00–92.00) vs. 74.50(62.25–87.75), Z =-2.496, P = 0.013), specifically for positive symptoms scores(18.20 ± 6.43 vs. 15.81 ± 4.93, t =-2.948, P = 0.004) and general symptoms scores(42.82 ± 8.84 vs. 39.08 ± 8.41, t =-3.249, P = 0.001)(Table 3). Middle-aged and elderly SZ patients with suicidal ideation had higher scores of ISI than middle-aged and elderly SZ patients without suicidal ideation (4.29 ± 4.40 vs. 2.70 ± 3.19, t =-2.632, P = 0.010) (Table 4). Middle-aged and elderly SZ patients with suicidal ideation had higher total scores of PANSS than middle-aged and elderly SZ patients without suicidal ideation(80.00(70.00–93.00) vs. 75.00(66.00–86.00), Z =-2.021, P = 0.043), specifically for positive symptoms scores(17.69 ± 5.89 vs. 15.70 ± 4.98, t =-2.695, P = 0.007) and general symptoms scores(42.03 ± 8.44 vs. 38.98 ± 7.97, t =-2.638, P = 0.009)(Table 4). Middle-aged and elderly SZ patients with suicidal ideation had higher total scores of RBANS than middle-aged and elderly SZ patients without suicidal ideation(68.47 ± 13.88 vs. 63.97 ± 11.98, t =-2.536, P = 0.012), specifically for visuospatial scores (84.97 ± 19.49 vs. 79.07 ± 17.17, t =-1.975, P = 0.048) and attention scores (81.78 ± 12.62 vs. 76.63 ± 13.91, t =-2.615, P = 0.009)(Table 4).Meanwhile, middle-aged and elderly SZ patients with suicidal ideation had younger age of onset(25.14 ± 7.57 vs. 27.57 ± 8.31, t = 2.069, P = 0.039) and higher BMI (25.54 ± 4.42 vs. 24.15 ± 4.40, t =-2.205, P = 0.028) than middle-aged and elderly SZ patients without suicidal ideation(Table 4). Middle-aged and elderly SZ patients with suicidal ideation were younger than middle-aged and elderly SZ patients without suicidal ideation (53.10 ± 5.55 vs. 55.64 ± 7.31, t = 2.987, P = 0.004) (Table 4).

Table 3 Clinical characteristics in young chronic schizophrenia patients with and without suicidal ideation
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Table 4 Clinical characteristics in middle-aged and elderly schizophrenia patients with and without suicidal ideation
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Logistic regression of risk factors for suicidal ideation in SZ patients across age groups

Logistic regression analysis was applied to investigate the risk factors of suicidal ideation among chronic SZ. The role of neurocognitive function in suicidal ideation was evaluated by logistic regression analysis after adjusting for all potential risk factors of suicidal ideation. The results demonstrated that the scores of ISI (Odds ratio(OR), 1.151; 95% Confidence interval(95%CI), [ 1.068–1.241]; P < 0.001), and positive symptoms scores of PANSS(OR, 1.078; 95%CI, [1.026–1.133]; P = 0.003)were associated with suicidal ideation in young SZ patients(Table 5). The results demonstrated that age (OR, 0.952; 95%CI, [0.908–0.997]; P = 0.038), BMI (OR, 1.079; 95%CI, [1.005–1.159]; P = 0.035), the scores of ISI (OR, 1.116; 95%CI, [1.029–1.211]; P = 0.008), general symptoms scores of PANSS (OR, 1.077; 95%CI, [1.031–1.124]; P = 0.001), visuospatial scores of RBANS (OR, 1.021; 95%CI, [1.002–1.040]; P = 0.031) and attention scores of RBANS (OR, 1.034; 95%CI, [1.007–1.061]; P = 0.013) were associated with suicidal ideation in middle-aged and elderly SZ patients(Table 6).

Table 5 The risk factors for suicidal ideation in young schizophrenia patients
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Table 6 The risk factors for suicidal ideation in middle-aged and elderly schizophrenia patients
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Discussion

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to detect the relationship between neurocognition and suicidal ideation in SZ patients across age groups. The results of this study were as follows: (1) The higher age was related to decreased attention. (2) The young SZ patients had higher risk of suicidality than middle-aged and elderly SZ patients. (3) Young SZ patients with severe insomnia and positive psychotic symptoms were more vulnerable to suicidal ideation. (4) Compared with the middle-aged and elderly SZ patients without suicidal ideation, the middle-aged and elderly SZ patients with suicidal ideation were younger, had higher BMI, had more severe insomnia and general psychotic symptoms, and had better visuospatial ability and attention.

In this study, we found that 23.5% of SZ patients had suicidal ideation, which is consistent with the results of previous studies [25, 36,37,38].Moreover, we found that young SZ patients had higher risk of suicidality than middle-aged and elderly SZ patients, which is consistent with the previous studies [2, 39].Meanwhile, young age was a risk factor for suicidal ideation in middle-aged and elderly SZ patients. A positive effect of age on mental health-related quality of life (HRQOL) has been found in the previous study [40]. The old SZ patients perceive and adjust to their illnesses well [41], which might be used to explain the low prevalence of suicidal ideation in the middle-aged and elderly patients. Meanwhile, high BMI was found to be a risk factor for suicidal ideation in the middle-aged and elderly patients, which is consistent with the previous study [42].

We found higher score of ISI was associated with the occurrence of suicidal ideation in both young SZ patients and middle-aged and elderly SZ patients. Previous study has reported that higher score of ISI is associated with the occurrence of suicidal ideation in SZ patients [13, 43, 44]. The underlying mechanism of association between insomnia and suicidal ideation in SZ patients is unclear. Several psychological and physiological mechanisms may mediate the association between insomnia and suicidal ideation such as hopelessness, serotonergic dysfunction, and hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction [45]. As we know, chronic insomnia patients are more likely to feel hopeless because of the dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes about sleep [45], which may lead to the occurrence of suicidal ideation [46]. In addition, sleep deprivation of rodents leads to a loss of sensitivity of post-synaptic 5-HT receptors [47, 48], and this serotonin desensitization is paralleled by a blunted hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis [47]. Serotonergic dysfunction and hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction are associated with the occurrence of suicidal ideation [49].

We also found that severe positive symptom was associated with suicidal ideation among young SZ patients, while general symptom was associated with suicidal ideation among the middle-aged and elderly patients. The relationship between psychotic symptoms and suicidal ideation was largely inconclusive. A meta-analysis has shown that the positive symptoms, negative symptoms and general symptoms of PANSS are both the risk factors for suicidal ideation in SZ patients [50]. However, some studies have suggested that only increased positive symptoms or decreased negative symptoms are associated with suicidal ideation in SZ patients [51,52,53,54,55]. Meanwhile, general symptoms of PANSS have been proved to be associated with depression and negative expectation [56, 57]. SZ patients with depression have severe positive symptoms, general symptoms of PANSS and high rates of suicidal behavior [56]. Another study has shown that SZ patients with suicidal attempt have severe positive symptoms of PANSS and general symptoms of PANSS, which is consistent with our results [58]. The possible explanations related to this inconclusive finding may be due to the patients in different stage of disease progression (acute vs. chronic or active phase vs. remission), different age or different illness duration, different exposure to antipsychotic treatment (naive vs. medicated). Our study found that the relationship between psychotic symptoms and suicidal ideation in SZ patients was different in different age group. More studies are needed to explore the relationship between psychotic symptoms and suicidal ideation in the future. A conclusion could be drawn according to the results of previous studies that patients will probably develop suicidal intention when their psychotic symptoms are grievous. We speculated that there were two reasons. First, patients may suffer imperative auditory hallucinations or persecutory delusion. Second, a long-term illness may make the patient feel anxious, fearful and desperate.

In this study, visuospatial scores of RBANS and attention scores of RBANS were associated with suicidal ideation in the middle-aged and elderly SZ patients, while no correlation was found between neurocognition and suicidal ideation in young SZ patients. The relationship between neurocognition and suicidal ideation is heterogeneous in previous studies. Some studies insisted that preserved neurocognition is associated with the suicidality [15, 21, 22], while the other studies insisted that there is no correlation between neurocognition and suicidality [23, 24, 59]. There are various reasons for these heterogeneous results, such as patient selection bias, different definitions of suicidal categories and different measurement tools for neurocognition. Meanwhile, the different age of SZ patients included in these studies might be another reason for heterogeneous results. Neurocognitive function is correlated negatively with age in SZ patients [27]. SZ patients have showed greater deteriorated performance with increasing age on attention [29]. We also detected a negative correlation between attention scores of RBANS and age in the study, which is consistent with the previous result. In fact, preserved neurocognition function is necessary in the process of suicidal ideation. Compared to the middle-aged and elderly SZ patients, most young SZ patients usually have better neurocognition. Therefore, the difference of neurocognitive function in young SZ patients is smaller than that in middle-aged and elderly SZ patients. It might explain why neurocognitive function is not related to the occurrence of suicidal ideation in young SZ patients and the effect of neurocognition in suicidal ideation is obviously found in the middle-aged and elderly SZ patients. Visuospatial ability and attention were risk factors for suicidal ideation in middle-aged and elderly SZ patients. The underlying mechanism is unknown. It may be that middle-aged and elderly SZ patients with good visuospatial ability and attention tend to have good insight and execution function. Good insight and execution function have been affirmed to be associated with suicidality [60,61,62,63]. The patients with good visuospatial ability and attention will have better insight and awareness of their illness and its debilitating effects [15]. The SZ patients who are awareness of delusions, blunted affect, anhedonia [60], the need for treatment [64, 65], and the social consequences of the disorder [65] would be vulnerable to suicidal ideation and suicide attempt. Executive function is the capacity to shift attention from one stimulus to another, initiate or cease engaging in a given behavior, evaluate risk, and develop plans of action and carry them out [62]. Impairment in this visuospatial and attentional system will result in the difficulties with goal formulation and an inability to plan effectively [34, 62]. Thus, those middle-aged and elderly SZ patients with relatively better visuospatial ability and attention may have greater ability to formulate suicidal ideation [62].

There are several limitations in the study. Firstly, this is a cross-sectional study, and it cannot show direct causality between suicidal ideation and the risk factors in SZ patients. Secondly, the all subjects are inpatients and the selection biases may limit the generalizability of the findings. Thirdly, we have no healthy control group. Fourthly, compared with SCID, Beck SI scale is not the best way to assess the suicidal ideation of SZ patients. Fifthly, considering the complexity of the neurocognition, the result measured by the RBANS may be not particularly perfect and some domains of neurocognition related with suicidal ideation may not be detected. Sixthly, the side effects of antipsychotics are not recorded in this study, which may be associated with suicidal ideation in SZ patients. Seventhly, the female patients who are pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or breastfeeding are not included in the study, which may limit the generalizability of the findings.

Conclusions

Our study explored the correlation between neurocognition and suicidal ideation in SZ patients across age groups. We found that good visuospatial ability and attention function were associated with the occurrence of suicidal ideation in the middle-aged and elderly SZ patients. No correlation between neurocognition and suicidal ideation was found in young SZ patients. Hence, we should devote additional concern on the middle-aged and elderly SZ with good neurocognition. An effective and new intervention focusing on distracting attention from the disease to reduce the occurrence of suicidal ideation should be formulated. Further cohort studies are warranted to detect the relationship between neurocognition and suicidal ideation across age groups.

Data availability

The data that support the study conclusions are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank AJE academic language services (www.aje.cn) for the English language editing and review services.

Funding

This work was supported by the Traditional Chinese Medicine Program of Zhejiang Province (2022KY1211), the National Science Fund China (No.82171500), the Key Program of Beijing Science and Technology Commission (No.D171100007017002).

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Author notes

  1. Qiongzhang Wang and Junjie Zhang contributed equally to the study.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China

    Qiongzhang Wang, Junjie Zhang, Yiwei Wang, Qing Wang, Yimin Ma & Xin Yu

  2. The Affiliated Kangning Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorder, Wenzhou, China

    Wei Tang

  3. Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China

    Jian Kai Mao

  4. Wenzhou Central Hospital, The Dingli Clinical Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China

    Chengyu Ye

  5. Peking University Institute of Mental Health (Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China

    Xin Yu

  6. National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China

    Xin Yu

  7. Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory for Translational Research on Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia, Beijing, China

    Xin Yu

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  1. Qiongzhang Wang
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Contributions

QZW, WT and XY conceptualized and designed the study. JJZ, YWW, QW, YMM, WT, and JKM recruited the participants and completed the screening assessments. CYY analyzed the data and performed the statistical analysis. QZW and JJZ wrote the first draft of the manuscript that was revised by XY and WT. JJZ are the co-first author of the manuscript. CYY is the co-corresponding author of the manuscript. All authors approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Wei Tang, Chengyu Ye or Xin Yu.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Ethical approval was obtained from the research ethics committee of the Affiliated Kangning Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University. The informed consents were signed by the patients and their relatives. The clinical research described in the manuscript was carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

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Not applicable.

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The authors declare no competing interests.

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Wang, Q., Tang, W., Zhang, J. et al. Visuospatial ability and attention as risk factors for suicidal ideation in middle-aged and elderly schizophrenia patients: a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry 23, 765 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-023-05272-z

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Keywords

BMC Psychiatry

ISSN: 1471-244X

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