Bickel WK, Stitzer ML, Bigelow GE, Liebson IA, Jasinski DR, Johnson RE: A clinical trial of buprenorphine: comparison with methadone in the detoxification of heroin addicts. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1988, 43: 72-78.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cheskin LJ, Fudala PJ, Johnson RE: A controlled comparison of buprenorphine and clonidine for acute detoxification from opioids. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1994, 36: 115-121. 10.1016/0376-8716(94)90093-0.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Garcia-Borreguero D, Bronisch T, Apelt S, Yassouridis A, Emrich HM: Treatment of benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms with carbamazepine. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1991, 241: 145-150. 10.1007/BF02219713.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Janiri L, Mannelli P, Persico AM, Serretti A, Tempesta E: Opiate detoxification of methadone maintenance patients using lefetamine, clonidine and buprenorphine. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1994, 36: 139-145. 10.1016/0376-8716(94)90096-5.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nigam AK, Ray R, Tripathi BM: Buprenorphine in opiate withdrawal: a comparison with clonidine. J Subst Abuse Treat. 1993, 10: 391-394. 10.1016/0740-5472(93)90024-V.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
O'Connor PG, Carroll KM, Shi JM, Schottenfeld RS, Kosten TR, Rounsaville BJ: Three methods of opioid detoxification in a primary care setting. A randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 1997, 127: 526-530.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bleich A, Gelkopf M, Weizman T, Adelson M: Benzodiazepine abuse in a methadone maintenance treatment clinic in Israel: characteristics and a pharmacotherapeutic approach. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci. 2002, 39: 104-112.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rooney S, Kelly G, Bamford L, Sloan D, O'Connor JJ: Co-abuse of opiates and benzodiazepines. Ir J Med Sci. 1999, 168: 36-41.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
San L, Tato J, Torrens M, Castillo C, Farre M, Cami J: Flunitrazepam consumption among heroin addicts admitted for in-patient detoxification. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1993, 32: 281-286. 10.1016/0376-8716(93)90093-6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Substance Abuse and Mental Helth Services Administration: Detoxification and Substance Abuse Treatment. Treatment Improvement Protocol. 2006
Google Scholar
de Wet C, Reed L, Glasper A, Moran P, Bearn J, Gossop M: Benzodiazepine co-dependence exacerbates the opiate withdrawal syndrome. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2004, 76: 31-35. 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.04.002.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gowing L, Ali R, White J: Buprenorphine for the management of opioid withdrawal. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006, CD002025-
Google Scholar
Ling W, Amass L, Shoptaw S, Annon JJ, Hillhouse M, Babcock D, Brigham G, Harrer J, Reid M, Muir J, Buchan B, Orr D, Woody G, Krejci J, Ziedonis D: A multi-center randomized trial of buprenorphine-naloxone versus clonidine for opioid detoxification: findings from the National Institute on Drug Abuse Clinical Trials Network. Addiction. 2005, 100: 1090-1100. 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01154.x.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Zullino DF, Khazaal Y, Hattenschwiler J, Borgeat F, Besson J: Anticonvulsant drugs in the treatment of substance withdrawal. Drugs Today (Barc ). 2004, 40: 603-619. 10.1358/dot.2004.40.7.850478.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Bell J, Seres V, Bowron P, Lewis J, Batey R: The use of serum methadone levels in patients receiving methadone maintenance. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1988, 43: 623-629.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kuhn KL, Halikas JA, Kemp KD: Carbamazepine treatment of cocaine dependence in methadone maintenance patients with dual opiate-cocaine addiction. NIDA Res Monogr. 1989, 95: 316-317.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Harris JT, Roache JD, Thornton JE: A role for valproate in the treatment of sedative-hypnotic withdrawal and for relapse prevention. Alcohol Alcohol. 2000, 35: 319-323.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hillbom M, Tokola R, Kuusela V, Karkkainen P, Kalli-Lemma L, Pilke A, Kaste M: Prevention of alcohol withdrawal seizures with carbamazepine and valproic acid. Alcohol. 1989, 6: 223-226. 10.1016/0741-8329(89)90022-0.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lambie DG, Johnson RH, Vijayasenan ME, Whiteside EA: Sodium valproate in the treatment of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 1980, 14: 213-215.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Reoux JP, Saxon AJ, Malte CA, Baer JS, Sloan KL: Divalproex sodium in alcohol withdrawal: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2001, 25: 1324-1329. 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2001.tb02354.x.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rosenthal RN, Perkel C, Singh P, Anand O, Miner CR: A pilot open randomized trial of valproate and phenobarbital in the treatment of acute alcohol withdrawal. Am J Addict. 1998, 7: 189-197.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Apelt S, Emrich HM: Sodium valproate in benzodiazepine withdrawal. Am J Psychiatry. 1990, 147: 950-951.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rickels K, Schweizer E, Garcia EF, Case G, DeMartinis N, Greenblatt D: Trazodone and valproate in patients discontinuing long-term benzodiazepine therapy: effects on withdrawal symptoms and taper outcome. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1999, 141: 1-5. 10.1007/s002130050798.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
World Health Organization: The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders diagnostic criteria for research. 1993, Geneva, World Health Organization
Google Scholar
Lauritzen H, Astrid S: Det nasjonale dokumentasjonssystemet innen tiltaksapparatet for rusmiddelmisbrukere. 2004, web
Google Scholar
Handelsman L, Cochrane KJ, Aronson MJ, Ness R, Rubinstein KJ, Kanof PD: Two new rating scales for opiate withdrawal. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 1987, 13: 293-308.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
JF N: Benzodiazepines - clinical aspects on use and withdrawal. Månedsskr Prakt Lægegærn. 1997, 75: 1433-1443.
Google Scholar
Amass L, Ling W, Freese TE, Reiber C, Annon JJ, Cohen AJ, McCarty D, Reid MS, Brown LS, Clark C, Ziedonis DM, Krejci J, Stine S, Winhusen T, Brigham G, Babcock D, Muir JA, Buchan BJ, Horton T: Bringing buprenorphine-naloxone detoxification to community treatment providers: the NIDA Clinical Trials Network field experience. Am J Addict. 2004, 13 Suppl 1: S42-S66. 10.1080/10550490490440807.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Schneider U, Paetzold W, Eronat V, Huber TJ, Seifert J, Wiese B, Emrich HM: Buprenorphine and carbamazepine as a treatment for detoxification of opiate addicts with multiple drug misuse: a pilot study. Addict Biol. 2000, 5: 65-69. 10.1080/13556210071289.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Seifert J, Metzner C, Paetzold W, Borsutzky M, Passie T, Rollnik J, Wiese B, Emrich HM, Schneider U: Detoxification of opiate addicts with multiple drug abuse: a comparison of buprenorphine vs. methadone. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2002, 35: 159-164. 10.1055/s-2002-34115.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Perucca E: Birth defects after prenatal exposure to antiepileptic drugs. Lancet Neurol. 2005, 4: 781-786. 10.1016/S1474-4422(05)70224-6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar