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Factors related to retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in bipolar disorder patients and major depression patients

BMC Psychiatry volume 21, Article number: 301 (2021) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

We analyzed the correlation of the clinical data with retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and macular thickness in bipolar disorder patients and major depression patients. The aim of this study is to explore factors that affect RNFL thickness in bipolar disorder patients and major depression patients, with a view to providing a new diagnostic strategy.

Methods

Eighty-two bipolar disorder patients, 35 major depression patients and 274 people who were age and gender matched with the patients were enrolled. Demographic information and metabolic profile of all participants were collected. Best-corrected visual acuity of each eye, intraocular pressure (IOP), fundus examination was performed. RNFL and macular thickness were measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT). Correlations between RNFL and macular thickness and other data were analyzed.

Results

RNFL and macula lutea in bipolar dipolar patients and major depression patients are thinner than normal people. Triglyceride and UA levels are the highest in the bipolar disorder group, while alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (AST) levels in the depression group are the highest. Age onset and ALT are positively while uric acid (UA) is negatively correlated with RNFL thickness in bipolar dipolar patients. Cholesterol level is positively correlated with RNFL thickness while the duration of illness is correlated with RNFL thickness of left eye in major depression patients.

Conclusions

RNFL and macula lutea in bipolar dipolar patients and major depression patients are thinner than normal people. In bipolar disorder patients, age-onset and ALT are potential protective factors in the progress of RNFL thinning, while UA is the pathological factor.

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Background

Bipolar disorder and major depression are two psychiatric diseases that bring great burden to both patients and society [1, 2]. Bipolar disorder is also known as manic-depressive disorder; its manifestations include extreme shifts in mood (depression and mania), energy and activity, which are more severe than the ups and downs in the mood of normal people and can thus affect patients’ ability of completing normal daily tasks [3]. Its global prevalence is estimated to be 2.4%, such a high rate that the disease should be taken seriously by people [4]. Major depression is defined by having these symptoms every day for at least 2 weeks: a depressed mood during most times of the day, and loss of interest in normal activities and relationships [5]. The global prevalence of major depression is approximately 11% [6]. These two diseases have greatly affected patients’ life [1, 2].

However, despite the development of drugs to treat these two diseases [7, 8], there are still many questions about them. One problem is that we are still not fully aware of their pathogenic factors, despite the fact that genetic and environmental factors have been proved to be related to disease onset [9, 10]. And due to the lack of evidence of specific pathogenic factors, it’s difficult to detect the early onset of bipolar disorder and major depression, and most patients are diagnosed when the diseases already break out [1, 2]. Another question is the accompanying symptoms and the prognosis of bipolar disorder and major depression. It’s been reported that patients’ retina may display abnormal changes. For example, the thickness of the entire retina in the macula lutea area, as well as the thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) on the edge of the retina are shown to be thinner in bipolar disorder patients [11, 12]. Also, a new study shows that retinal vascular trajectory is a potential marker for BD [13, 14], and the duration of the depressive episode is correlated with RNFL thickness [15]. Nevertheless, whether such optical changes can be used in the diagnosis of the two diseases, as well as the factors that affect these optical changes, are still unknown. However, since the axons in RNFL are nonmyelinated, its pathological changes have been used in the visualization of some neurodegenerative diseases, for example, Alzheimer’s Disease and Parkinson’s Disease, and it’s been found that the thinner RNFL is possibly related to the decrease cognitive abilities in these patients [16], which make it possible to also use these optical changes as potential markers of bipolar disorder and major depression.

Therefore, considering the above unresolved questions, we conducted this study to explore the factors that could affect the optical changes in bipolar disorder and major depression patients, so as to provide evidence for a novel diagnostic strategy of these two diseases.

Methods

Participants

In this cross-sectional study, 82 bipolar disorder patients and 35 major depression patients were enrolled, including the patients treated in psychiatric outpatient clinics and the patients treated in hospital, and they were categorized as Bipolar disorder group and Depression group, respectively. In addition, 274 people who were age and gender matched with the patients were enrolled as Normal Control group.

Inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) For patients, bipolar disorder and major depression were diagnosed by The Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Version (DSM-IV) (SCID) [1, 2]. The patients with bipolar disease were enrolled in the stable state either depression phase or manic phase or mixed. The patients all were in stable state. (2) For patients, the doses of antipsychotics should remain unchanged during the trial. (3) For patients, benzodiazepines and anticholinergic should be avoided during the trial. (4) Normal people were deemed as normal by DSM-IV. (5) The patients or their legal guardians agreed to participate in this trial and signed written informed consent. Exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) Had ocular diseases, including macular degeneration, optic neuropathy, glaucoma, eye traumas, or other disease that could affect the structure of RNFL. (2) Had eye surgery during the past 3 months before enrollment. (3) Had a history of hypotension crisis, or other intracranial diseases or intraorbital space-occupying lesion that could affect the visual pathway. (4) Had diabetes mellitus. (5) Had cerebrovascular diseases, including cerebral hemorrhage and cerebral infarction. (6) Had grade 2 or greater hypertension. (7) Had thyroid dysfunction or other metabolic diseases.

Methods

General information and clinical exams

Smoking information during the past 3 months before enrollment was collected. Weight, height and blood pressure were measured. The blood sample was collected at 6 A.M. before breakfast, and biochemical parameters were analyzed, including uric acid, blood lipids, thyroid function tests, etc.

Patients’ cognitive functions were measured by the Repeatable Battery Neuropsychological Status (RBANS).

Ophthalmologic examinations

Best corrected visual acuity of each eye was evaluated by Snellen visual chart. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured by slit lamp microscopy of the Goldman tonometer. Fundus examination was performed with 90D ophthalmic condensing lens, including the thickness of peripapillary RNFL and the macula lutea.

Optical coherence tomography was conducted using OCT 20002 (Topcorn, Japan). The intensity of the scanning signal ≥7 was considered acceptable. Rester scan of the peripapillary RNFL was conducted in the 6 mm × 6 mm peripapillary area by using the “200×200 optic disk volumetric scan” module. The center of the was determined by the software, and then the thickness of peripapillary RNFL was measured in the peripapillary circle (diameter = 3.4 mm). The thickness of RNFL in the four quadrants (superior, inferior, nasal and temporal) and 12 clock positions of the entire eyeball were measured, and mean thickness (mm) was calculated. Rester scan of the macula lutea was conducted in the 6 mm × 6 mm peripapillary area by using the “512×128 macular volumetric scan” module, which can qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate the thickness of retina (mm).

Statistical analysis

Data were analyzed by SPSS 20.0. Normal distribution was tested by Shapiro Wilk test. Data with normal distribution were analyzed by independent t-test and/or one-way ANOVA. The thickness of RNFL, thickness and volume of macula lutea among different groups were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance. Data were also analyzed among sub-groups by Least-Significant Difference method. P < 0.05 was considered significantly different.

Results

Demographic data of the participants

As shown in Table 1, for the 82 patients with bipolar disorder, 35 patients with major depression, and 274 normal people, there’s no significant difference in age (P = 0.079) or gender proportion (P = 0.634) among the three groups. The duration of illness is not significantly different between the bipolar disorder group and the depression group (P = 0.107). The positive rate of family history of the mental disease was significantly different among the three groups (P < 0.001), with the bipolar disorder group being the highest (29.3%), and the depression group was the second highest (5.71%), and the normal people had the lowest positive rate (1.1%). The numbers of smokers were also significantly different among the three groups (P = 0.020), and the proportion of smoking participants in the bipolar disorder group was the highest (14.6%).

Table 1 Demographic, metabolic and basic optical data of the participants
Full size table

Metabolic and basic optical data of the participants

Also shown in Table 1, BMI (P = 0.313), SBP (P = 0.808), DBP (P = 0.286), MAP (P = 0.460), glucose (P = 0.108), four thyroid function indexes (thyrotropin: P = 0.212; TT3: P = 0.133; TT4: P = 581; FT4: P = 673) are not significantly different among the three groups, while the level of FT3 shows significant difference (P = 0.005) and is lower in bipolar disorder patients and depression patients. However, the levels of ALT (P < 0.001), AST (P = 0.002), UA (P < 0.001), triglyceride (P = 0.022) and cholesterol (P < 0.001) are significantly different among the three groups, and the levels of triglyceride (1.96 ± 1.22 mmol/L) and UA (359.90 ± 72.50 mol/L) show the highest in the bipolar disorder group, while the levels of ALT (33.26 ± 30.91 U/L) and AST (24.97 ± 11.44 U/L) in the depression group are the highest.

Among the three groups, there’s no significant difference in right eye pressure (P = 0.091), but left eye pressure is significantly different (P = 0.014) and is lower in patients than in normal people. In addition, diopters of each eye are also significantly different among the three groups (right eye: P = 0.005; left eye: P = 0.008), with bipolar patients having the highest diopters.

RNFL thickness and macular thickness in different groups

Figure 1 shows the representative optical coherence tomographic OCT structure images. As shown in Table 2, total thickness (left eye: p = 0.001; right eye: p = 0.004) and superior thickness (left eye: p = 0.010; right eye: p = 0.017) of both eyes were significantly different among the three groups, with results in the bipolar disorder group being the thinnest. For inferior thickness, among the three groups, there’s no significant difference in the right eye (P = 0.823) but is significantly different in the left eye (P = 0.010). For disc area (right eye: p = 0.202; left eye: p = 0.224) and cup volume (right eye: p = 0.934; left eye: p = 0.252), there’s also no significant difference among the three groups in both eyes.

Fig. 1
figure 1

The representative optical coherence tomographic OCT structure images

Full size image
Table 2 RNFL thickness and macular thickness in different groups
Full size table

When compared among the three groups, there’s no significant difference in average macular thickness (right eye: p = 0.688; left eye: p = 0.858) or central macular thickness (right eye: p = 0.218; left eye: p = 0.620) in both eyes. The inner (superior: P = 0.001; inferior: P = 0.001; nasal: P = 0.001; temporal: P < 0.001) and outrings (superior: P = 0.013; inferior: P = 0.005; nasal: P = 0.002; temporal: P = 0.002) thickness of right macular in all four quadrants are significantly different among the three groups. For left eye, innersuperior is significantly different among the three groups (P = 0.038), and innersuperior and outsuperior of the bipolar disorder group macular thickness are the thinnest. In addition, all parameters of macular thickness in the bipolar disorder group are thinner than the normal control group (See Supplement files 1 and 2).

Analysis of the factors related to RNFL and macular thickness in bipolar disorder and major depression patients

As shown in Table 3, after controlling the factor of smoking, age, sex, BMI, MAP, diopter, glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride, age-onset, UA and ALT are shown to be the factors that are significantly related to the RNFL and macular thickness. When age-onset increases, the degree of RNFL atrophy becomes less. Similarly, with the increase of ALT level, macular also becomes thicker. On the contrary, when UA level increases, macular thickness decreases. Another finding is that the above relationship between age onset, UA, ALT and RNFL or macular thickness are almost limited to the right eye, as only the inner inferior thickness of the left macular is significantly related to ALT level.

Table 3 The factors related to RNFL and macular thickness in bipolar disorder patientsa,g
Full size table

The data of major depression are shown in Table 4. It can be seen that after controlling the factor of smoking, age, sex, BMI, MAP, diopter, glucose, UA and triglyceride, duration of illness, the level of cholesterol and ALT are the factors that are significantly related to the RNFL and macular thickness in major depression patients. Although age-onset showed nearly no significant relationship with RNFL thickness, when the duration of illness prolongs, RNFL becomes thinner, but this is mainly found in the left eye. When the level of cholesterol increases, the inferior thickness of RNFL in both eyes and the total thickness of RNFL in the left eye are thicker. The relationship between ALT and macular thickness of both eyes is different. When the ALT level increases, the inner and outer macular thickness of the right eye decreases, but the nasal and temporal inner-macular thickness of the left eye also increases with the ALT level. In conclusion, the significant relationships between RNFL and macular thickness and three factors in major depression are limited to either right or left eye.

Table 4 The factors related to RNFL and macular thickness in major depression patientsa
Full size table

Discussion

The hypotheses of our study are such that the change in RNFL thickness of bipolar patients is directly related to their disease onset age, while in depression patients, the change in RNFL thickness is just one of the symptoms of depression patients. In order to prove that, we compared the clinical data and the thickness and macular thickness of bipolar disorder patients, major depression patients and normal people. Then we analyzed the correlation of the clinical data with RNFL thickness and macular thickness in bipolar disorder patients and major depression patients. There’s no significant difference in demographic data among the three groups, except family history of the mental disease that’s higher in bipolar disorder patients, which is the characteristics of this disease [1]. This result means that the enrolled patients were comparable as their basic data were similar.

For the metabolic data in all participants, FT3 is significantly lower in bipolar disorder patients and major depression patients, which is also in consistent with previous literature [1, 2]. In addition, the levels of triglyceride and UA are the highest in the bipolar disorder group, while the levels of ALT and AST in the depression group are the highest. These results indicate that there are indeed differences in metabolic profiles between patients and normal people. In previous studies, it’s been reported that blood lipid and their metabolites of bipolar patients are different from normal people, which could be due to the disorder in mitochondria functions [7, 17]. And it’s also reported that most cases of major depression could be due to the dysregulated metabolic systems in patients [18]. However, it’s not yet reported that the hepatic function of bipolar disorder patients and major depression patients would worsen, thus causing the rise of ALT and AST levels. We speculated that the higher ALT and AST levels in depression patients could be due to the effects of anti-depressants, however, it needs further exploration to confirm.

We continued to explore the differences in optical parameters and found that left eye pressure is significantly lower in patients than in normal people, while there’s no significant difference in right eye pressure. Nevertheless, all eye pressure data are within normal range, so it’s no considered a clinically significant parameter and was not taken into analysis by use. In addition, diopters of each eye are significantly higher in bipolar disorder patients and has reached the range of hyperopia. However, there’s no such reports yet and thus we speculated that this phenomenon could be due to the pathological changes in patients’ eyes, but further studies are needed to fully elucidate the reasons.

We then explored which parameters are related to these two diseases. We found that in bipolar disorder patients, with the increase of the age-onset, the degree of RNFL atrophy showed less than that of early onset. Therefore, the late onset of bipolar disorder is a potential protective factor of the RNFL thickness. Similarly, ALT was also shown to have potential protective effects on macular thickness of bipolar disorder patients. However, following the increase of the level of UA, the macular became thinner, suggesting that UA could be a factor contributing to the worsening of RNFL thinning. Thus, we concluded that in bipolar disorder patients, age-onset and ALT are potential protective factors in the progress of RNFL thinning, while UA is the pathological factor. And the data also show that RNFL thickness of bipolar patients are directly related to disease onset age, indicating that RNFL thickness was changed when the disease initially began, and thus the change in RNFL thickness is more likely due to the genetic factors of the patients, not other factors appear during the development of the disease, which makes it possible to be used as a biomarker for bipolar disorder.

In major depression patients, we found that duration of illness could contribute to the thinning of RNFL, while cholesterol level could be protective. Interestingly, when the ALT level increases, the inner and outer macular thickness of the right eye decreases, but the nasal and temporal inner-macular thickness of the left eye also increases with the ALT level. Thus, ALT is ruled out due to its difference in each eye, and we concluded that cholesterol level and duration of illness could be used in the prognosis of RNFL thinning in major depression patients. It’s also reported that RNFL is thinner in metabolic syndrome patients, and it could be due to the degeneration of nerve fibers in these patients [19]. In addition, the retinal nerve fiber layer is composed of retinal ganglion cell exons, which is homologous with the central neural system in the process of embryonic development [20], and researchers have found that the thickness of RNFL is negatively correlated with the cognitive abilities of patients with degenerative neural diseases [21, 22]. Thus, we can speculate that the change in UA and ALT levels in bipolar disorder patients, and the change in cholesterol and ALT levels in depression patients, can be used to predict the progress and prognosis of the disease. Also, for patients with different levels of UA, ALT and cholesterol, different treatments may be used considering the side effects of drugs and the disease progress of patients. As some metabolic parameters changed in depression patients, which although have not reached the extent of metabolic diseases and are still within normal range but could cause the change in RNFL thickness. And considering that the metabolic changes are commonly seen in depression patients, it can be concluded that for depression patients, the change in RNFL thickness is just one of the symptoms during the disease of depression.

We also found that RNFL of depression patients could affect patients’ attention. Although it is a new finding that needs further evidence to support, we suggest that the possible explanation could be that the thinned RNFL resulted in optical changes, which subsequently affect patients’ attention.

However, the clinical medication of patients and normal controls were observed in a natural state, and there may be the effect of bias in medication between groups. It should be noted that the use of antidepressant and mood stabilizers is not controlled, that is, patients continued using these drugs during the trial. Therefore, the drugs could exert certain effects on the results of the trial. In addition, this is a cross-sectional study, so the conclusions were based on the results of multivariate analysis of covariance and linear regression equation, so it needs confirmation in future clinical trials. For the patients who were all in the stable stage of the disease, the relationship between the severity and the results was not to be studied.

Conclusions

We found that RNFL and macula lutea in bipolar disorder patients and major depression patients are thinner than normal people. In bipolar disorder patients, age-onset and ALT are potential protective factors in the progress of RNFL thinning, while UA is the pathological factor. In major depression patients, cholesterol level is positively correlated with RNFL thickness, and cholesterol level and duration of illness could be used in the prognosis of RNFL thinning. RNFL thickness of bipolar patients is related to disease onset age, while in depression patients, the change in RNFL thickness is just one of the symptoms.

Availability of data and materials

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

Abbreviations

RNFL:

Retinal nerve fiber layer

IOP:

Intraocular pressure

DSM-IV:

Disorders Fourth Version

RBANS:

Repeatable Battery Neuropsychological Status

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Acknowledgements

This research is supported by Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission NO. Z181100001718115 and Capital’s Funds for Health Improvement and Research of China NO. 2020-1-2131.

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  1. Yanhong Liu and Yongsheng Tong contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, Peking University Huilongguan Clinical Medical School, Nandian Road, Changping District, Beijing, 100096, China

    Yanhong Liu, Yongsheng Tong, Jingxu Chen, Shaoxiao Yan & Fude Yang

  2. Department of Psychiatry, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China

    Yanhong Liu, Yongsheng Tong, Jingxu Chen & Shaoxiao Yan

  3. Department of Ophthalmology, People’s Hospital of Peking University, Beijing, China

    Lvzhen Huang

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Contributions

LYH, TYS and HLZ substantial contributions to the conception and design of the work; CJX the acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of data for the work; And LYH drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content; And YDF final approval of the version to be published; And YSX agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy and integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. The author(s) read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Fude Yang.

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Ethics approval and informed consent

This study was conducted in accordance with the declaration of Helsinki. This study was conducted with approval from the Ethics Committee of Peking University Huilongguan Clinical Medical School. All patients signed an informed consent form for inclusion in the study.

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Supplementary Information

Additional file 1.

RNFL and macula lutea) Group specificity, sensitivity, accuracy and ROC analysis.

Additional file 2.

Major depression patient groups specificity, sensitivity, accuracy and ROC analysis.

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Liu, Y., Tong, Y., Huang, L. et al. Factors related to retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in bipolar disorder patients and major depression patients. BMC Psychiatry 21, 301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03270-7

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